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Aculifera

Taxonomy
Aculifera was named by Blumrich (1891). It is extant.

It was reranked as the subphylum Aculifera by Oh et al. (2025), Sutton et al. (2025).

It was assigned to Sachitida by Vinther et al. (2017); and to Mollusca by Oh et al. (2025), Sutton et al. (2025).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1891Aculifera Blumrich
2017Aculifera Vinther et al.
2025Aculifera Oh et al. p. 4
2025Aculifera Sutton et al. p. 1

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
RankNameAuthor
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
subphylumAculifera(Blumrich 1891)
subphylumAculifera(Blumrich 1891)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subph. Aculifera Blumrich 1891
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Supercl. †Aplacophora
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Cl. Caudofoveata Boettger 1956
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G. Chaetoderma Loven 1844
Invalid names: Chaetodermomorpha [synonym]
G. †Punk Sutton et al. 2025
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†Punk ferox Sutton et al. 2025
Cl. Solenogastres Gegenbaur 1878
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G. Genitoconia Salvini-Plawen 1967
Invalid names: Neomeniomorpha [invalid subgroup]
Fm. †Halkieriidae Poulsen 1967
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Subfm. †Halkieriinae Poulson 1967
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G. †Eohalobia Luo et al. 1982
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Invalid names: Meishucunchiton Yü 1987 [synonym], Parapunctella Luo and Jiang 1982 [synonym], Zeugites Qian et al. 1979 [synonym]
G. †Halkieria Poulsen 1967
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†Halkieria amorphe Meshkova 1974
†Halkieria curvativa Missarzhevsky and Mambetov 1981
†Halkieria denlanatiformis Missarzhevsky and Mambetov 1981
†Halkieria evangelista Conway Morris and Peel 1995
†Halkieria mira Qian and Xiao 1984
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Invalid names: Sachites glossoides Gao et al. 1985 [synonym], Sachites liratus Gao et al. 1985 [synonym]
†Halkieria obliqua Poulsen 1967
†Halkieria operculus Qian 1984
†Halkieria sacciformis Meshkova 1969
†Halkieria sthenobasis Luo and Jiang 1982
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Invalid names: Halkieria toruliformis Wang 1994 [synonym]
†Halkieria stonei Landing et al. 1989
†Halkieria trianguliformis Missarzhevsky and Mambetov 1981
†Halkieria undulatus Wang 1994
†Halkieria wangi Parkhaev and Demidenko 2010
Invalid names: Acrosquama Qian and Xiao 1984 [synonym], Acuminachites Qian and Yin 1984 [synonym], Dactyosachites He 1981 [synonym], Microsachites He 1981 [synonym]
G. †Ocruranus Liu 1979
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†Ocruranus finial Liu 1979
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Invalid names: Chengjiangoconus trilophodes He and Yang 1982 [synonym], Dengyingoconus trianguliformis Xing et al. 1984 [synonym], Liorichita sublaevis Liu 1987 [synonym], Ocruranus diandongensis Luo et al. 1982 [synonym], Ocruranus gryphus Liu 1987 [synonym], Ocruranus regularis Liu 1987 [synonym], Parascenella typica Chen and Xiong 1984 [synonym], Pileconus veloides Jiang 1980 [synonym], Postestephaconus tentes Jiang 1980 [synonym], Stephaconus subpentaedrus Jiang 1980 [synonym], Stoliconus usitatus Jiang 1980 [synonym], Stoliconus vemeres Jiang 1980 [synonym]
†Ocruranus kangerluk Peel 2021
†Ocruranus modestus Yü 1987
†Ocruranus septentrionalis Peel and Skovsted 2005
†Ocruranus trulliformis Jiang 1980
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Invalid names: Ginella yichangensis Chen and Zhang 1980 [synonym]
Invalid names: Chengjiangoconus He and Yang 1982 [synonym], Cremnodinotus Liu 1987 [synonym], Dengyingoconus [synonym], Hanshuiella Yue and Xing 1984 [synonym], Jiangiconus Starobogatov and Moskalev 1987 [synonym], Liorichita Liu 1987 [synonym], Parascenella Chen and Xiong 1984 [synonym], Pileconus [synonym], Postephaconus Jiang 1980 [synonym], Postestephaconus Jiang 1980 [synonym], Runnegarochiton Yü 1987 [synonym], Stephaconus Jiang 1980 [synonym], Stoliconus Jiang 1980 [synonym], Yuanjiapingella Yue 1984 [synonym]
G. †Sinosachites He 1980
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Invalid names: Sinosachites triangularis Yin and He 1980 [synonym]
Invalid names: Thambetolepis [synonym]
G. †Inughuitoconus Peel 2021
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Or. †Paleoloricata Bergenhayn 1955
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G. †Alastega Cherns 1998
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†Alastega lira Cherns 1998
†Alastega martini Hoare and Pojeta 2006
G. †Arctoplax Cherns 1998
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†Arctoplax ornata Cherns 1998
Fm. †Aulochitonidae Pojeta et al. 2010
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G. †Aulochiton Pojeta et al. 2010
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†Aulochiton sannerae Pojeta et al. 2010
G. †Bursata
Subor. †Chelodina Bergenhayn 1960
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Fm. †Gotlandochitonidae Bergenhayn 1955
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G. †Eochiton Smith and Toomey 1964
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†Eochiton arbucklensis Smith and Toomey 1964
G. †Gotlandochiton Bergenhayn 1955
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†Gotlandochiton hami Smith and Toomey 1964
†Gotlandochiton interplicatus Bergenhayn 1955
G. †Ivoechiton Bergenhayn 1955
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†Ivoechiton calathicolus Smith and Toomey 1964
†Ivoechiton levis Bergenhayn 1955
†Ivoechiton oklahomensis Smith and Toomey 1964
G. †Paleochiton Smith and Toomey 1964
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†Paleochiton kindbladensis Smith and Toomey 1964
Fm. †Helminthochitonidae Van Belle 1975
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G. †Diadelochiton Hoare 2002
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†Diadelochiton recavus Hoare 2002
G. †Helminthochiton Salter 1846
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†Helminthochiton papilio Whidborne 1892
†Helminthochiton riddlei Frederickson 1962
†Helminthochiton simplex Raymond 1910
Fm. †Preacanthochitonidae Bergenhayn 1960
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G. †Listrochiton Hoare and Pojeta 2006
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†Listrochiton productus Bergenhayn 1960
†Listrochiton weiri Hoare and Pojeta 2006
G. †Orthriochiton Vendrasco and Runnegar 2004
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†Orthriochiton utahensis Vendrasco and Runnegar 2004
Fm. †Scanochitonidae Bergenhayn 1955
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†Haeggochiton haeggi Bergenhayn 1955
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†Olingechiton triangulatus Bergenhayn 1943
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†Scanochiton jugatus Bergenhayn 1943
Fm. †Septemchitonidae Bergenhayn 1955
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G. †Sarkachiton Dzik 1994
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G. †Cobcrephora Bischoff 1981
Fm. †Echinochitonidae Pojeta et al. 2003
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G. †Echinochiton Pojeta et al. 2003
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†Echinochiton dufoei Pojeta et al. 2003
G. †Kulindroplax Sutton et al. 2012
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†Kulindroplax perissokomos Sutton et al. 2012
Fm. †Mattheviidae Walcott 1886
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G. †Avannaplax Oh et al. 2025
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†Avannaplax midsommersoensis Oh et al. 2025
G. †Chelodes Davidson and King 1874
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†Chelodes actinis Cherns 1998
†Chelodes acuminata Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
†Chelodes bergmani Davidson and King 1874
†Chelodes cooperi Bergenhayn 1960
†Chelodes whitehousei Runnegar et al. 1979
Invalid names: Eochelodes [synonym], Praecanthochiton Bergenhayn 1960 [synonym]
G. †Conodia Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
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†Conodia levicosta Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
G. †Eukteanochiton Vendrasco and Runnegar 2004
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†Eukteanochiton milleri Vendrasco and Runnegar 2004
G. †Hemithecella Butts 1941
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†Hemithecella abrupta Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
†Hemithecella eminensis Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
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Invalid names: Elongata perplexa Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995 [synonym], Hemithecella elongata Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995 [synonym]
†Hemithecella expansa Butts 1941
†Hemithecella quinquelites Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
Invalid names: Elongata Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995 [synonym]
G. †Matthevia Walcott 1885
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†Matthevia erecta Pojeta et al. 2005
†Matthevia variabilis Walcott 1885
†Matthevia wahwahensis Vendrasco and Runnegar 2004
†Matthevia walcotti Runnegar et al. 1979
G. †Qaleruaqia Peel 2020
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†Qaleruaqia bronlundensis Oh et al. 2025
G. †Robustum Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
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†Robustum nodum Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
†Robustum phallerium Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995
G. †Spicuchelodes Cherns 1998
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†Spicuchelodes cressmani Hoare and Pojeta 2006
Invalid names: Chelodidae Bergenhayn 1943 [synonym], Robustidae Stinchcomb and Darrough 1995 [synonym]
G. †Phthipodochiton Sutton and Sigwart 2012
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G. †Plectrochiton Cherns 1998
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†Plectrochiton tegulus Cherns 1998
G. †Priscochiton Dall 1881
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†Priscochiton canadensis Billings 1865
Or. †Septemchitonida Bergenhayn 1955
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Fm. †Alastegiidae Hoare and Pojeta 2006
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G. †Amblytochiton Hoare and Pojeta 2006
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†Amblytochiton incomptus Hoare and Pojeta 2006
G. †Thairoplax Cherns 1998
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†Thairoplax birhombivalvis Bergenhayn 1955
†Thairoplax merriami Hoare 2000
†Thairoplax pelta Cherns 1998
Or. †Sachitida He 1980
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G. †Miriella
G. †Quadrochites Qian et al. 1979
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†Quadrochites disjunctus Qian et al. 1979
Fm. †Sachitidae Meshkova 1969
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G. †Hippopharangites Bengtson 1990
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†Hippopharangites dailyi Bengston 1990
G. †Sachites Meshkova 1969
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†Sachites alatus Duan 1984
†Sachites desquamatus Duan 1984
†Sachites folliformis Duan 1984
†Sachites longus Qian 1977
†Sachites minus Qian et al. 1979
†Sachites terastios Qian et al. 1979
Fm. †Siphogonuchitidae Qian 1977
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G. †Calvapilosa Vinther et al. 2017
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†Calvapilosa kroegeri Vinther et al. 2017
G. †Dabashanites Chen 1979
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†Dabashanites mirus Chen 1979
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†Drepanochites dilatatus Luo et al. 1982
Invalid names: Drepanochites deminatus Jiang 1980 [nomen nudum]
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†Lomasulcachites macrus Luo et al. 1982
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Invalid names: Heterosculpotheca phaneres Luo et al. 1982 [synonym], Siphogonuchites spinatus Xing 1984 [synonym]
G. †Lopochites Qian 1977
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Invalid names: Palaeosulcachites latus Jiang 1980 [synonym]
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Invalid names: Lopochites intercostatus Qian 1984 [synonym]
G. †Quadrosiphogonuchites Chen 1982
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Invalid names: Paraconularoides He 1984 [synonym], Paranabarites Jiang 1982 [synonym]
G. †Siphogonuchites Qian 1977
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†Siphogonuchites bisulcatus Qian and Yin 1984
†Siphogonuchites equilateralis Qian and Yin 1984
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Invalid names: Palaeosulcachites biformis Qian 1977 [synonym], Palaeosulcachites irregularis Qian 1977 [synonym], Palaeosulcachites minus Qian 1984 [synonym], Palaeosulcachites shipaiensis Qian 1984 [synonym], Trapezochites minuta Jiang 1980 [synonym]
Invalid names: Palaeosulcachites Qian 1977 [synonym], Sachitelus intercostatus Jiang 1980 [nomen nudum], Trapezochites Qian and Yiang 1982 [synonym], Trapezochites chordoides Jiang 1980 [nomen nudum]
G. †Tianzhushania Qian et al. 1979
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†Tianzhushania longa Qian et al. 1979
†Tianzhushania obesa Qian et al. 1979
Invalid names: Halkierioidea Poulsen 1967 [empty], Halwaxida Conway Morris and Caron 2007 [synonym], Siphogonuchitoidea Qian 1977 [empty], Thambetolepida Jell 1981 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
No ecological data are available

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Jinnigian to the top of the Campanian or 538.80000 to 72.20000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 530.7 Ma

Collections (448 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Jinnigian538.8 - 530.7China (Yunnan) Halkieria sp., Lopochites latazonalis, Halkieria sthenobasis (201549 201551) Halkieria sthenobasis (201510) Lopochites lubricus (201533 201534 201537 201539) Lopochites lubricus, Siphogonuchites triangularis (201528) Siphogonuchites triangularis (201490)
Manykaian538.8 - 529.0Russian Federation (Siberia) Siphogonuchites triangularis (50316)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5Iran Lopochites sp., Palaeosulcachites sp. (10527 10528 10529) Palaeosulcachites sp. (10526)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5China (Sichuan) Quadrosiphogonuchites antiquus (232840) Quadrosiphogonuchites antiquus, Quadrosiphogonuchites quadratus (232841) Quadrosiphogonuchites quadratus, Siphogonuchites triangularis (232842)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5Russian Federation (Khabarovsk Krai) Lopochites sp., Siphogonuchites sp., Halkieria sacciformis (50367) Siphogonuchites sp. (50418)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5China (Yunnan) Ocruranus finial (94557 94558 94559 171896 171899) Ocruranus finial, Halkieria sthenobasis (171898) Sachites sp. (8089)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5China (Hunan) Lopochites sp. (97714)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk Krai) Lopochites sp. (233193)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5Mongolia (Govi-Altay) Halkieria projecta (99556) Halkieria projecta, Lopochites sp. (99557)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5Russian Federation (Siberia) Halkieria longa, Siphogonuchites sp., Halkieria amorphe (50317) Halkieria saccifromis (50419) Lopochites sp., Sachites sp., Siphogonuchites sp., Palaeosulcachites sp. (50427) Palaeosulcachites sp. (50340) Siphogonuchites sp. (50417)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5Russian Federation (Khabarovsk) Halkieria sp. (99465)
Nemakit-Daldynian538.8 - 525.5China (Shaanxi) Lopochites latazonalis (86559) Lopochites latazonalis, Lopochites quadrogonus (86561 86564) Siphogonuchites mirus, Siphogonuchites triangularis, Lopochites latazonalis (86554 86555 86558 86569) Siphogonuchites mirus, Siphogonuchites triangularis, Lopochites latazonalis, Lopochites quadrogonus (86553 86560) Siphogonuchites triangularis (86556) Siphogonuchites triangularis, Lopochites latazonalis (86567 86568 86570) Siphogonuchites triangularis, Lopochites latazonalis, Halkieria sthenobasis (86566)
Manykaian - Tommotian538.8 - 521.0China (Yunnan) Ocruranus finial, Eohalobia diandongensis (9854 9855 9861 9862 9863 9864 9865 9866)
Nemakit-Daldynian - Tommotian538.8 - 521.0Russian Federation (Sakha) Halkieria costata, Halkieria sp., Siphogonuchites sp., Halkieria sacciformis (99229)
Placentian538.8 - 516.2USA (Massachusetts) Halkieria sp. (56827)
Early/Lower Cambrian538.8 - 506.5China (Shaanxi) Halkieria sthenobasis (86613) Lopochites latazonalis (86585 86586 86592) Siphogonuchites mirus, Siphogonuchites triangularis, Lopochites latazonalis (86593) Siphogonuchites triangularis (86587 86590) Siphogonuchites triangularis, Lopochites latazonalis (86581 86582 86583 86588 86589 86591)
Early/Lower Cambrian538.8 - 506.5Australia (South Australia) Oikozetetes mounti (190168 190395)
Waucoban538.8 - 506.5Canada (Northwest Territories) Wiwaxia sp. (227949 227951 227953 227954)
Cambrian538.8 - 486.85USA (New York) Matthevia sp. (254)
Cambrian538.8 - 486.85China (Yunnan) Wiwaxia douposiensis (235630)