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Pliohippus pernix
Taxonomy
Pliohippus pernix was named by Marsh (1874) [genotype]. Its type specimen is YPM 13007, a partial skeleton (portions of a skull, jaws, the right pes, part of the left tibire, and so on. Also the left manus, radius, ulna and humerus, and several vertebrre. The left sup), and it is a 3D body fossil. It is the type species of Pliohippus.
It was recombined as Hippidium pernix by Cope (1880); it was recombined as Protohippus pernix by Gidley (1903) and Matthew (1909); it was recombined as Pliohippus (Pliohippus) pernix by Stirton (1940); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992).
It was recombined as Hippidium pernix by Cope (1880); it was recombined as Protohippus pernix by Gidley (1903) and Matthew (1909); it was recombined as Pliohippus (Pliohippus) pernix by Stirton (1940); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1874 | Pliohippus pernix Marsh p. 252 |
1874 | Pliohippus robustus Marsh p. 253 |
1880 | Hippidium pernix Cope |
1880 | Hippidium robustus Cope |
1896 | Pliohippus pernix Roger |
1896 | Pliohippus robustus Roger |
1897 | Pliohippus pernix Marsh |
1898 | Pliohippus pernix Trouessart |
1898 | Pliohippus robustus Trouessart |
1899 | Pliohippus pernix Matthew |
1899 | Pliohippus robustus Matthew |
1902 | Pliohippus pernix Hay p. 618 |
1902 | Pliohippus robustus Hay p. 618 |
1903 | Protohippus pernix Gidley |
1905 | Pliohippus pernix Trouessart |
1907 | Pliohippus pernix Gidley p. 892 |
1907 | Pliohippus robustus Gidley p. 894 |
1909 | Protohippus pernix Matthew |
1909 | Protohippus robustus Matthew |
1916 | Pliohippus lullianus Troxell |
1918 | Pliohippus pernix Osborn p. 151 figs. Plates 25.12, 28.1. Text Figs. 120, 121, 122 |
1918 | Pliohippus robustus Osborn p. 155 figs. Text Fig. 123 |
1918 | Pliohippus lullianus Osborn p. 160 figs. Plate 27. Text Fig. 127 |
1924 | Pliohippus pernix Matthew |
1930 | Pliohippus robustus Hay |
1930 | Pliohippus pernix Matthew and Stirton |
1930 | Pliohippus robustus Matthew and Stirton |
1940 | Pliohippus (Pliohippus) lullianus Stirton p. 192 |
1940 | Pliohippus (Pliohippus) pernix Stirton p. 192 |
1940 | Pliohippus (Pliohippus) robustus Stirton p. 192 |
1942 | Pliohippus pernix Henshaw |
1955 | Pliohippus pernix Quinn p. 22 |
1969 | Pliohippus pernix Webb |
1987 | Pliohippus lullianus Quinn |
1988 | Pliohippus lullianus Kelly and Lander |
1989 | Pliohippus pernix Hulbert, Jr. |
1990 | Pliohippus pernix Voorhies |
1995 | Pliohippus pernix Kelly p. 14 |
1998 | Pliohippus pernix Kelly |
1998 | Pliohippus pernix MacFadden p. 550 |
2019 | Pliohippus pernix May |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Pliohippus pernix Marsh 1874
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Invalid names: Pliohippus lullianus Troxell 1916 [synonym], Pliohippus robustus Marsh 1874 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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H. F. Osborn 1918 (Pliohippus lullianus) | (Troxell, pp. 341-343) "Metacarpals.- The especial character which distinguishes this specimen is
its monodactyly. It has commonly been predicted that one-toed specimens of the Protohippinre would be found, but no positive evidence of this feature has, heretofore, been presented. The splints, Metacarpals II and IV, unlike those of Equua, extend the lengths of the cannon bone, but like those of the modem horse they bear no digits on the ends. These slender bones are large proximally, but at once decreasing in size they run at a uniform diameter to the middle; in the next fourth of the distance they decrease to a width of about 3 mm. and a thickness of less than 1.5 mm. The distal ends are enlarged to receive the pointed epiphyses, the larger one of which measures 6 mm. in length. They show no evidence of articular facets; in fact their very sharp ends eliminate the possibility of their ever having borne phalanges." | |
H. F. Osborn 1918 | (Marsh, 1874, p. 252) (1) Differs from Protohippus in the absence of lateral digits, which are only represented by slender splint bones; (2) presence of large antorbital [lachrymal] fossa; (3) presence of functional first upper premolar. (4) First lower premolar wanting; (5) molars with short crowns and distinct fangs; (6) enamel folds of the molar teeth very simple; (7) skull comparatively short; (8) ulna shaft incomplete at centre; (9) distal end of ulnaand fibula coalesced with radius and tibia respectively; (10) small trapezium; (11) a rudiment of the fifth metacarpal attached to the unciform; (12) limbs more elongate than in Equus asinus; (13) size about that of Equus asinus; (14) ungual pha- langes broader and slightly cleft their extremities; (15) relatively large cubo-astragalar facet. (Gidley, 1907, p. 893) (1,6) The type an old individual with teeth so much worn as to obliterate distinctive characters. (17) Lateral meta- podials broken. (18) As compared with Equus the preorbital region is short; (19) angle of the jaw of great depth, and molars proportionately short-crowned and curved; (20) characteristic facial pits, or fossre, including (?) a deep lachrymal pit. | |
H. F. Osborn 1918 (Pliohippus robustus) | (Marsh, 1874, p. 253) (1) Of nearly the same size as the type of Pliohippua pernix, but limbs shorter and
stouter; (2) the first upper premolar much larger, the upper molars longer and much curved; (3) enamel foldings more complex than in P. pernix. (Gidley, 1907, p. 894) (4) Aside from the difference in the proportions of the bones, the charactersassigned byMarsh are indicative of age differences only, the type of P. robustua being ayoungadult, that of P. pemix an aged individual; (5) the comparative measurements of limb and foot bones indicate that P. robuatua is a shorter animal and of more robust proportions; (6) terminal phalanx well rounded, with the posteroexternal processes much reduced as in the modern horse, but the plane of the proximal articular facet directed more backward as in the other species of Miocene horses. (7) This species is not clearly distinguished from P. supremus Leidy, with which it agrees in size and general characters so far as they are known. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: g = genus, subf = subfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, MacFadden 1998, Nowak 1991, MacFadden and Cerling 1996, Carroll 1988 |
Age range: base of the Langhian to the top of the Early/Lower Clarendonian or 15.97000 to 10.30000 Ma
Collections (38 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Miocene | USA (South Dakota) | Pliohippus lullianus (18297 18384 18388 18395) | |
Miocene | USA (Texas) | Pliohippus pernix (18103) | |
Langhian | USA (Florida) | Pliohippus pernix (18569) | |
Barstovian | USA (New Mexico) | Pliohippus pernix (19435) | |
Barstovian - Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Pliohippus pernix (18077) | |
Clarendonian | USA (South Dakota) | Pliohippus lullianus (18406) Pliohippus pernix (18063 18428) | |
Clarendonian | USA (Texas) | Pliohippus pernix (18104 18179 18347 18640) | |
Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Pliohippus pernix (18042 18092 18176 18204 18217 18222 18233 18242 18251 18260 18324 18334 18466 18483 188779) | |
Clarendonian | USA (Oklahoma) | Pliohippus pernix (18130) | |
Early/Lower Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Pliohippus pernix (161374) | |
Late/Upper Clarendonian | USA (New Mexico) | Pliohippus pernix (19528) | |
Late/Upper Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Pliohippus pernix (18066) | |
Late/Upper Clarendonian | USA (Kansas) | Pliohippus pernix (110829) | |
Clarendonian - Hemphillian | USA (Nebraska) | Pliohippus pernix (18236 18295) | |
Clarendonian - Pliocene | USA (Oklahoma) | Pliohippus pernix (170181) |