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Pseudhipparion gratum
Taxonomy
Hipparion gratum was named by Leidy (1869) [also said to be 1868]. Its type specimen is USNM 587, a set of teeth (A right upper premolar, p2, associated with two others, ?m2 and m3), and it is a 3D body fossil.
It was recombined as Hippotherium gratum by Lydekker (1882), Cope (1889) and Leidy and Lucas (1896); it was synonymized subjectively with Protohippus placidus by Leidy (1885), Cope (1893) and Matthew (1899); it was synonymized subjectively with Hipparion ingenuum by Leidy (1889), Leidy (1892) and Roger (1896); it was recombined as Neohipparion gratum by Gidley (1906), Gidley (1907), Matthew (1909), Hay (1917), Hay (1930) and Hibbard (1941); it was recombined as Nannippus gratus by McGrew (1936), Johnston (1938), Stirton (1940), Gregory (1942), Lance (1950), Macdonald (1960) and Dalquest and Hughes (1966); it was recombined as Griphippus gratus by Quinn (1955) and Skinner (1972); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992); it was recombined as Pseudhipparion gratum by Webb (1969), Webb and Hulbert (1986), Kelly and Lander (1988), Voorhies (1990), Dalquest et al. (1996) and MacFadden (1998).
It was recombined as Hippotherium gratum by Lydekker (1882), Cope (1889) and Leidy and Lucas (1896); it was synonymized subjectively with Protohippus placidus by Leidy (1885), Cope (1893) and Matthew (1899); it was synonymized subjectively with Hipparion ingenuum by Leidy (1889), Leidy (1892) and Roger (1896); it was recombined as Neohipparion gratum by Gidley (1906), Gidley (1907), Matthew (1909), Hay (1917), Hay (1930) and Hibbard (1941); it was recombined as Nannippus gratus by McGrew (1936), Johnston (1938), Stirton (1940), Gregory (1942), Lance (1950), Macdonald (1960) and Dalquest and Hughes (1966); it was recombined as Griphippus gratus by Quinn (1955) and Skinner (1972); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992); it was recombined as Pseudhipparion gratum by Webb (1969), Webb and Hulbert (1986), Kelly and Lander (1988), Voorhies (1990), Dalquest et al. (1996) and MacFadden (1998).
Subspecies
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1869 | Hipparion gratum Leidy p. 287 |
1882 | Hippotherium gratum Lydekker |
1889 | Hippotherium gratum Cope p. 445 |
1896 | Hippotherium gratum Leidy and Lucas p. 49 |
1902 | Hipparion gratum Hay p. 620 |
1906 | Neohipparion gratum Gidley |
1906 | Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley |
1907 | Neohipparion gratum Gidley p. 888 |
1907 | Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley p. 927 |
1909 | Neohipparion gratum Matthew |
1917 | Neohipparion gratum Hay |
1918 | Protohippus niobrarensis Osborn p. 136 figs. Plate 21.2. Text Fig. 108 |
1918 | Hipparion gratum Osborn p. 179 figs. Plate 32.3. Text Figs. 142, 143. |
1930 | Neohipparion gratum Hay |
1930 | Protohippus niobrariensis Hay |
1936 | Nannippus gratus McGrew |
1938 | Nannippus gratus Johnston p. 246 |
1938 | Nannippus niobrarensis McGrew and Meade p. 201 |
1940 | Nannippus gratus Stirton p. 186 |
1940 | Nannippus niobrarensis Stirton p. 186 |
1941 | Neohipparion gratum Hibbard |
1942 | Nannippus gratus Gregory |
1950 | Nannippus gratus Lance |
1955 | Griphippus gratus Quinn p. 42 |
1960 | Nannippus gratus Macdonald |
1966 | Nannippus gratus Dalquest and Hughes |
1969 | Pseudhipparion gratum Webb |
1972 | Griphippus gratus Skinner p. 117 |
1986 | Pseudhipparion gratum Webb and Hulbert, Jr. |
1988 | Pseudhipparion gratum Kelly and Lander |
1990 | Pseudhipparion gratum Voorhies |
1996 | Pseudhipparion gratum Dalquest et al. |
1998 | Pseudhipparion gratum MacFadden p. 548 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Pseudhipparion gratum Leidy 1869
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†Hipparion gratum tehonense Merriam 1916
Invalid names: Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley 1906 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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H. F. Osborn 1918 | (Leidy, 1869) (1) Second superior (fig. 25, pl. XVIII) closely resembles that of
Protokippua placidua in size, form, and proportions; (2) fossettes less gaping than in P. placidua; (3) enamel more plicate. Type and neotype. (Gidley, 1907) (4) Protocone usually small, elliptical in cross section, separate from protoconule to base of crown; (5) anterior border of prefossette plicated in the premolars, a character not in Protokippua. (6) Lachrymal and malar fossre moderately deep, limited in area; (7) anterior palatal foramina opening backward into long, narrow slits, as in the modem horse; (8) palate strongly concave, especially anteriorly; (9) nasals short-tipped, but very · broad where they join the premaxillaries; (10)-lower jaws short and deep as in P. placidua, but symphysis long and exten- sion beyond premolars comparatively shorter; (11) angle of jaw proportionately smaller, lower border of ramus more curved and bowed. | |
H. F. Osborn 1918 (Protohippus niobrarensis) | (Gidley, 1906, p. 152, 1907, p. 927) Gidley separates this species from Hipparion (Neohipparion) gratum as follows: (1) The skull, especially in the nasal and premaxillary region, is longer and narrower; (2) the palate is narrow and more arched; (3) the anterior palatine foramina are more open but do not extend as far backward as in H. gratum; the posterior palatal notch apparently extends as far forward as the middle of m1; (4) the malar fossa is wanting; (5) the lachrymal fossa is lll.l"ger, extends farther backward, and has a rather sharply defined posterior border; (6) the symphysis of the lower jaw is longer and narrower than in H. gratum but is not so extreme in proportions as in H. dolichops; and (7) the ramus is bowed as in H. gratum but has a less vertical depth. |