PBDB Taxon

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Subhyracodon occidentalis

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae

Taxonomy

Rhinoceros occidentalis was named by Leidy (1850) [mentioned as a nomen nudum in 1850 and 1851].

It was recombined as Aceratherium occidentale by Leidy (1869), Cope (1873), Brandt (1878), Cope (1879), Osborn (1898), Lambe (1908) and Osborn (1923); it was synonymized subjectively with Rhinoceros pacificus by Leidy (1873); it was recombined as Caenopus occidentalis by Cope (1891), Osborn (1900), Hay (1901), Hay (1902), Osborn and Matthew (1909) and Sinclair (1924); it was synonymized subjectively with Caenopus mitis by Cope and Matthew (1915); it was synonymized subjectively with Caenopus copei by Troxell (1921); it was recombined as Subhyracodon occidentale by Wood (1929); it was recombined as Subhyracodon occidentalis by Wood (1927), Stock (1933), Scott (1941), Galbreath (1954), Wood (1960), Prothero (1996), Manning (1997), Prothero (1998), Prothero (2005), Antoine et al. (2010) and Lu (2013).

Subspecies

Caenopus trigonodus allus

Synonyms

Aceratherium exiguum was named by Lambe (1908). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Calf Creek, which is in a Chadronian terrestrial horizon in the Cypress Hills Formation of Canada.

It was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon occidentalis by Prothero (2005).
Aceratherium trigonodum was named by Osborn and Wortman (1894). Its type locality is Peanut Peak, which is in a Chadronian terrestrial horizon in the Chadron Formation of South Dakota. It is the type species of Leptaceratherium.

It was recombined as Leptaceratherium trigonodum by Osborn (1898) and Hay (1902); it was recombined as Caenopus trigonodus by Troxell (1921); it was recombined as Subhyracodon trigonodus by Wood (1927), Stock (1933) and Scott (1941); it was misspelled as Leptaceratherium trigonodon by Lambe (1908); it was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon occidentalis by Prothero (2005).
Hyracodon quadriplicatus was named by Cope (1873).

It was recombined as Aceratherium quadriplicatum by Cope (1875), Brandt (1878) and Matthew (1899); it was recombined as Anchisodon quadriplicatus by Cope (1879), Hay (1902) and Osborn and Matthew (1909); it was considered a nomen dubium by Wood (1927); it was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon occidentalis by Scott (1941), Galbreath (1953) and Prothero (2005).
Rhinoceros hesperius was named by Leidy (1865). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Chili Gulch, which is in a Whitneyan terrestrial horizon in California.

It was recombined as Aceratherium hesperium by Osborn (1898); it was recombined as Diceratherium hesperium by Hay (1902) and Loomis (1908); it was recombined as Subhyracodon hesperius by Wood (1960); it was synonymized subjectively with Diceratherium annectens by Fremd (1994); it was considered a nomen dubium by Peterson (1920), Troxell (1921), Stock (1932) and Stock (1933); it was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon occidentalis by Prothero (2005).
Subhyracodon gidleyi was named by Wood (1927).

It was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon occidentalis by Prothero (2005).
Subhyracodon metalophum was named by Wood (1927) [named as subspecies of Caenopus tridactylus by Troxell 1921; raised to species].

It was synonymized subjectively with Diceratherium tridactylum by Scott (1941) and Prothero (1998); it was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon tridactylus by Wood (1961) and Emry (1987); it was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon occidentalis by Prothero (2005).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1850	Rhinoceros occidentalis Leidy p. 119
1853	Rhinoceros occidentalis Leidy
1854	Rhinoceros occidentalis Leidy
1857	Rhinoceros occidentalis Leidy p. 89
1865	Rhinoceros hesperius Leidy p. 177
1869	Aceratherium occidentale Leidy
1873	Hyracodon quadriplicatus Cope pp. 1 - 2
1873	Aceratherium occidentale Cope p. 14
1873	Rhinoceros hesperius Leidy p. 220
1875	Aceratherium quadriplicatum Cope
1878	Aceratherium occidentale Brandt
1878	Aceratherium quadriplicatum Brandt
1879	Aceratherium occidentale Cope
1879	Anchisodon quadriplicatus Cope
1891	Caenopus occidentalis Cope p. 19
1894	Aceratherium trigonodum Osborn and Wortman
1898	Aceratherium hesperium Osborn
1898	Aceratherium occidentale Osborn
1898	Leptaceratherium trigonodum Osborn
1899	Aceratherium quadriplicatum Matthew
1900	Caenopus occidentalis Osborn
1901	Caenopus occidentalis Hay
1902	Anchisodon quadriplicatus Hay p. 640
1902	Caenopus occidentalis Hay p. 643
1902	Leptaceratherium trigonodum Hay p. 643
1902	Diceratherium hesperium Hay p. 644
1908	Aceratherium occidentale Lambe
1908	Leptaceratherium trigonodon Lambe
1908	Aceratherium exiguum Lambe p. 44
1908	Diceratherium hesperium Loomis
1909	Anchisodon quadriplicatus Osborn and Matthew
1909	Caenopus occidentalis Osborn and Matthew
1921	Caenopus trigonodus Troxell
1923	Aceratherium occidentale Osborn
1924	Caenopus occidentalis Sinclair
1927	Subhyracodon gidleyi Wood
1927	Subhyracodon metalophum Wood
1927	Subhyracodon occidentalis Wood
1927	Subhyracodon trigonodus Wood
1929	Subhyracodon occidentale Wood p. 63
1933	Subhyracodon occidentalis Stock
1933	Subhyracodon trigonodus Stock
1941	Subhyracodon occidentalis Scott
1941	Subhyracodon trigonodus Scott
1954	Subhyracodon occidentalis Galbreath
1960	Subhyracodon hesperius Wood pp. 88-90
1960	Subhyracodon occidentalis Wood pp. 88-90
1996	Subhyracodon occidentalis Prothero
1997	Subhyracodon occidentalis Manning
1998	Subhyracodon occidentalis Prothero
2005	Subhyracodon occidentalis Prothero p. 43
2010	Subhyracodon occidentalis Antoine et al.
2013	Subhyracodon occidentalis Lu

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia

Rank	Name	Author
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Panperissodactyla
superorder	Perissodactylamorpha
order	Perissodactyla	()
—	Tapiromorpha	(Haeckel 1873)
—	Ceratomorpha	(Wood 1937)
superfamily	Rhinocerotoidea
family	Rhinocerotidae
genus	Subhyracodon
species	occidentalis	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Subhyracodon occidentalis Leidy 1850

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†Caenopus trigonodus allus Troxell 1921

Invalid names: Aceratherium exiguum Lambe 1908 [synonym], Aceratherium trigonodum Osborn and Wortman 1894 [synonym], Hyracodon quadriplicatus Cope 1873 [synonym], Subhyracodon gidleyi Wood 1927 [synonym], Subhyracodon hesperius Leidy 1865 [synonym], Subhyracodon metalophum Wood 1927 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

browserf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-08-31 17:08:31

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Nowak 1991, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Chadronian to the top of the Hemingfordian or 37.20000 to 15.97000 Ma

Collections (18 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Aceratherium exiguum (16919) Caenopus occidentalis (101961)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Wyoming)	Subhyracodon occidentalis (16908)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (South Dakota)	Aceratherium trigonodum (17006)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Wyoming)	Subhyracodon occidentalis (17064 17116 17117)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Montana)	Subhyracodon sp. (17090)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Mississippi)	Subhyracodon occidentalis (17072)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Colorado)	Subhyracodon occidentalis (17081 17082)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (North Dakota)	Subhyracodon occidentalis (17101 17125)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (South Dakota)	Aceratherium occidentale (17142 17153 17295) Caenopus occidentalis (17133)
Hemingfordian	20.43 - 15.97	USA (Wyoming)	Subhyracodon occidentalis (17994)