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Polacanthus
Taxonomy
Polacanthus was named by Fox (1866) [Name attributed to Owen by the author]. It is the type genus of Polacanthinae, Polacanthidae. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).
It was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Galton (1983) and Tumanova (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Ayyasami (2017).
It was assigned to Dinosauria by Fox (1866) and Cope (1870); to Stegosauria by Dollo (1889); to Scelidosauria by Seeley (1892); to Stegosauri by Gadow (1901); to Scelidosauridae by Huxley (1870), Marsh (1880), Sauvage (1882), Dollo (1884), Marsh (1884), Marsh (1885), Lydekker (1888), Zittel (1890), Marsh (1896) and Lucas (1902); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902) and Nopcsa (1915); to Acanthopholidae by Nopcsa (1923) and Lull (1924); to Ankylosaurinae by Nopcsa (1929); to Ankylosauridae by Nopcsa (1928), Maleev (1954) and Maleev (1956); to Stegosauridae by Nopcsa (1901), von Zittel (1911), Tornier (1913), Joleaud (1922) and Delair (1973); to Polacanthiidae by Naish and Martill (2001); to Polacanthidae by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Kilbourne and Carpenter (2005); to Ankylosauria by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Gasulla et al. (2011); to Polacanthinae by Carpenter et al. (1996), Vickaryous and Ryan (1997), Kirkland (1998), Blows (2001), Blows (2001), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001), Kirkland and Loewen (2011) and Kirkland et al. (2013); and to Nodosauridae by Wieland (1911), Hennig (1915), Lull (1921), Nopcsa (1928), Swinton (1936), Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Swinton (1970), Sereno (1986), Blows (1987), Hutt et al. (1989), Pereda-Suberbiola (1994), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Blows (1996), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (1997), Knoll et al. (1998), Blows (1998), Pereda Suberbiola et al. (1999), Coria and Salgado (2001), Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003), Barrett and Maidment (2011), Han et al. (2014), Blows and Honeysett (2014), Yang et al. (2017) and Galton (2019).
It was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Galton (1983) and Tumanova (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Ayyasami (2017).
It was assigned to Dinosauria by Fox (1866) and Cope (1870); to Stegosauria by Dollo (1889); to Scelidosauria by Seeley (1892); to Stegosauri by Gadow (1901); to Scelidosauridae by Huxley (1870), Marsh (1880), Sauvage (1882), Dollo (1884), Marsh (1884), Marsh (1885), Lydekker (1888), Zittel (1890), Marsh (1896) and Lucas (1902); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902) and Nopcsa (1915); to Acanthopholidae by Nopcsa (1923) and Lull (1924); to Ankylosaurinae by Nopcsa (1929); to Ankylosauridae by Nopcsa (1928), Maleev (1954) and Maleev (1956); to Stegosauridae by Nopcsa (1901), von Zittel (1911), Tornier (1913), Joleaud (1922) and Delair (1973); to Polacanthiidae by Naish and Martill (2001); to Polacanthidae by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Kilbourne and Carpenter (2005); to Ankylosauria by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Gasulla et al. (2011); to Polacanthinae by Carpenter et al. (1996), Vickaryous and Ryan (1997), Kirkland (1998), Blows (2001), Blows (2001), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001), Kirkland and Loewen (2011) and Kirkland et al. (2013); and to Nodosauridae by Wieland (1911), Hennig (1915), Lull (1921), Nopcsa (1928), Swinton (1936), Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Swinton (1970), Sereno (1986), Blows (1987), Hutt et al. (1989), Pereda-Suberbiola (1994), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Blows (1996), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (1997), Knoll et al. (1998), Blows (1998), Pereda Suberbiola et al. (1999), Coria and Salgado (2001), Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003), Barrett and Maidment (2011), Han et al. (2014), Blows and Honeysett (2014), Yang et al. (2017) and Galton (2019).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1866 | Polacanthus Fox p. 56 |
| 1870 | Polyacanthus Cope p. 90 |
| 1870 | Polacanthus Huxley p. 34 |
| 1880 | Polacanthus Marsh |
| 1882 | Polacanthus Sauvage p. 35 |
| 1884 | Polacanthus Dollo p. 298 |
| 1884 | Polacanthus Marsh p. 68 |
| 1885 | Polacanthus Marsh p. 764 |
| 1888 | Polacanthus Lydekker p. 189 |
| 1889 | Polacanthus Dollo p. 678 |
| 1890 | Polacanthus Zittel p. 744 |
| 1892 | Polacanthus Seeley |
| 1896 | Polacanthus Marsh p. 243 |
| 1897 | Euacanthus Owen p. 23 |
| 1901 | Polacanthus Gadow p. 425 |
| 1901 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 215 |
| 1902 | Polacanthus Lucas p. 435 |
| 1902 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 101 |
| 1909 | Polacanthus Huene p. 17 |
| 1911 | Polacanthus Wieland p. 117 |
| 1911 | Polacanthus von Zittel p. 294 |
| 1913 | Polacanthus Tornier p. 373 |
| 1915 | Polacanthus Hennig p. 12 |
| 1915 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 13 |
| 1921 | Polacanthus Lull p. 123 |
| 1922 | Polacanthus Joleaud p. 64 |
| 1923 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 198 |
| 1924 | Polacanthus Lull p. 243 |
| 1928 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 73 |
| 1929 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 70 |
| 1936 | Polacanthus Swinton p. 218 |
| 1954 | Polacanthus Maleev |
| 1956 | Polacanthus Maleev |
| 1956 | Polacanthus Romer p. 636 |
| 1964 | Polacanthus Kuhn p. 51 |
| 1964 | Polacanthus Tatarinov p. 576 |
| 1966 | Polacanthus Romer p. 370 |
| 1970 | Polacanthus Swinton p. 245 |
| 1973 | Polacanthus Delair p. 6 |
| 1982 | Vectensia Delair p. 301 |
| 1986 | Polacanthus Sereno |
| 1987 | Polacanthus Blows p. 558 |
| 1989 | Polacanthus Hutt et al. p. 145 |
| 1994 | Polacanthus Pereda-Suberbiola p. 136 |
| 1996 | Polacanthus Blows p. 671 |
| 1996 | Polacanthus Carpenter et al. p. 25A |
| 1996 | Polacanthus Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319 |
| 1997 | Polacanthus Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 213 |
| 1997 | Polacanthus Vickaryous and Ryan p. 491 |
| 1998 | Polacanthus Blows p. 32 |
| 1998 | Polacanthus Kirkland p. 273 fig. 3 |
| 1998 | Polacanthus Knoll et al. p. 62 |
| 1999 | Polacanthus Pereda Suberbiola et al. p. 271 |
| 2000 | Polacanthus Ford p. 174 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Blows p. 139 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Carpenter p. 457 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Coria and Salgado p. 163 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Naish and Martill p. 171 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 201 |
| 2003 | Polacanthus Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 161 |
| 2004 | Polacanthus Vickaryous et al. p. 367 |
| 2005 | Polacanthus Kilbourne and Carpenter p. 156 |
| 2011 | Polacanthus Barrett and Maidment p. 395 |
| 2011 | Polacanthus Gasulla et al. p. 511 |
| 2011 | Polacanthus Kirkland and Loewen p. 5 |
| 2013 | Polacanthus Kirkland et al. p. 5 |
| 2014 | Polacanthus Blows and Honeysett p. 835 |
| 2014 | Polacanthus Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11 |
| 2017 | Polacanthus Yang et al. p. 786 fig. 5 |
| 2019 | Polacanthus Galton p. 214 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Polacanthus Fox 1866
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†Polacanthus foxii Grabau 1921
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Invalid names: Euacanthus vectianus Owen 1897 [objective synonym], Polacanthus becklesi Hennig 1924 [synonym]
†Polacanthus rudgwickensis Blows 1996
Invalid names: Euacanthus Owen 1897 [objective synonym], Vectensia Delair 1982 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available