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Heterodontosaurus tucki
Taxonomy
Heterodontosaurus tucki was named by Crompton and Charig (1962). Its type specimen is SAFM K337, a skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Tyindini (zone B/1), which is in a Sinemurian terrestrial horizon in the Clarens Formation of South Africa. It is the type species of Heterodontosaurus.
It was recombined as Lycorhinus tucki by Thulborn (1970), Thulborn (1974), Thulborn (1975) and Thuborn (1978).
It was recombined as Lycorhinus tucki by Thulborn (1970), Thulborn (1974), Thulborn (1975) and Thuborn (1978).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1962 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig p. 1075 fig. 1 |
| 1965 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Simmons p. 69ff |
| 1970 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Ellenberger p. 347 |
| 1970 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Swinton p. 196 |
| 1970 | Lycorhinus tucki Thulborn p. 244 |
| 1972 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Azzaroli p. 44 |
| 1974 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Charig and Crompton p. 187 |
| 1974 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Ellenberger p. 9 |
| 1974 | Lycorhinus tucki Thulborn p. 154 |
| 1975 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Hopson pp. 302-303 |
| 1975 | Lycorhinus tucki Thulborn p. 129 |
| 1976 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Santa Luca et al. p. 324 |
| 1978 | Lycorhinus tucki Thuborn p. 187 |
| 1980 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Santa Luca p. 162 |
| 1983 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44 |
| 1984 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Olsen and Galton p. 91 |
| 1985 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Maryanska and Osmólska p. 145 |
| 1990 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Weishampel and Witmer p. 487 |
| 1992 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Weishampel and Heinrich p. 173 |
| 1994 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Chure et al. p. 307 |
| 1994 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Olshevsky and Ford p. 91 |
| 1997 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Chinsamy p. 677 |
| 1997 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Smith p. 317 |
| 1999 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Casanovas et al. p. 348 |
| 2001 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Báez and Marsicano p. 273 |
| 2002 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Buchholz p. 19 |
| 2004 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Norman et al. p. 394 |
| 2006 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Langer and Benton p. 331 fig. 8 |
| 2007 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Butler et al. p. S14 |
| 2007 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Upchurch et al. p. 75 |
| 2008 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Butler et al. p. 701 |
| 2008 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Butler et al. p. 9 |
| 2008 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Irmis and Knoll p. 123 |
| 2009 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Bittencourt and Kellner p. 19 |
| 2009 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Butler and Sullivan p. 26 |
| 2009 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Butler and Zhao p. 68 |
| 2011 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Norman et al. p. 187 |
| 2011 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Porro et al. p. 354 |
| 2012 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Kammerer et al. p. 281 |
| 2012 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Sereno p. 85 figs. 2C, 38-72, 88-96, 101 |
| 2014 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Delsate and Ezcurra p. 178 |
| 2016 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Becerra et al. p. 555 |
| 2016 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Dieudonné et al. p. 29 |
| 2016 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Hübner p. 323 |
| 2018 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Becerra and Ramírez p. 509 |
| 2018 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Herne et al. p. 41 |
| 2019 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Cruzado-Caballero et al. p. 216 |
| 2019 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Herne et al. p. 556 |
| 2020 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Desojo et al. p. 25 |
| 2020 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Dieudonné et al. |
| 2020 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Moro et al. |
| 2021 | Heterodontosaurus tucki Breeden et al. p. 16 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig 1962
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Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| R. J. Butler et al. 2008 | Basal ornithischian dinosaur characterized by the following autapomorphies: deep buccal emargination is formed by a strongly dorsoventrally compressed and transversely expanded shelf that forms the ventral margin of the external antorbital fenestra and is thickened at its lateral margin; columnar maxillary and dentary teeth are not expanded mesiodistally or labiolingually above the root ('cingulum' completely absent); lateral surface of maxillary crowns possess three prominent ridges separated by sharply defined excavated regions; extensive wear facets form a continuous wear surface along maxillary and dentary tooth rows. | |
| R. J. Butler et al. 2008 | Dorsal process of premaxilla does not form contact with nasals; anterior, accessory opening present within the antorbital fossa; squamosal–quadratojugal contact is anteroposteriorly broad; paroccipital processes are very deep dorsoventrally; paired, deep recesses on the ventral surface of the basisphenoid; basisphenoid processes are extremely elongated; cingulum is completely absent on cheek-teeth; ischium with elongate flange on lateral margin. | |
| D. B. Norman et al. 2011 | Cranial (*indicates autapomorphy – see also discussion in Phylogenetic Relationships section): Deep buccal emargination is formed by a strongly dorsoventrally compressed and transversely expanded maxillary ridge, which forms the ventral margin of the external antorbital fenestra and is thickened along its lateral margin*; antorbital fossa extends posteriorly to form a channel on the external surface of the jugal*; quadratojugal forms a thin wing that overlaps the entire external surface of the quadrate (contacting the squamosal dorsally and terminating ventrally just above the articular condyle) and contacts the jugal via a narrow bridge of bone*; quadratojugal has a constricted scarf suture with the jugal*; narrow and obliquely orientated ventral jugal projection closely aligned against the lateral surface of the lower jaw*; prominent laterally expanded ‘boss’ on the jugal*; sharply defined curved ridge on the external surface of the postorbital that is continuous with a similar ledge on the dorsolateral margin of the squamosal*; remnants of intracranial pneumatism preserved as pits on the paroccipital process and quadrate, and as sinuses on the jugal boss and anteromedial process of the maxilla*; narrow and deep pterygoid flanges lie close to the medial surface of the lower jaw (forming a slot-like guide with the ventral process of the jugal)*; paroccipital wings perforated by a discrete vascular/neural canal*; basisphenoid flanges are large, oblique and extend medial to the pterygoids and enclose narrow fossae on either side of the ventral midline of the braincase; surangular develops two finger-like rami that form much of the dorsal margin of the coronoid eminence anterior to the jaw joint*; elongate, slot-shaped surangular foramen*; broad depression on the lateral surface of the angular*.
Dentition (*indicates autapomorphy): Premaxillary and dentary caniniforms have fine, blunt, serrations (six per mm) running down their posterior margins; premaxillary caniniform lacks serrations along its anterior edge; dentary caniniform has widely spaced, rounded denticulations running down the upper portion of its anterior edge*; columnar maxillary and dentary teeth have crowns that are only slightly expanded either anteroposteriorly or transversely above the root (the ‘cingulum’ and ‘neck’ at the crown-root junction are completely absent)*; labial surface of maxillary crowns possess three prominent ridges that separate equal-sized, clearly defined excavated regions*; lingual surface of dentary crowns display a mesially offset principal ridge and crown margins that create subequal adjacent crown areas*; extensive wear facets on the upper and lower dentitions display a warp because successive teeth are worn at differing angles*. Postcranial characters (*indicates autapomorphy – see also discussion in Phylogenetic Relationships section): (derived from Santa Luca, 1980 – with additions and modifications) axial vertebral column: 21 vertebrae (9 cervical, 12 dorsal)*, sacrum: 6 fused vertebrae*, caudal vertebrae: 34+; prominent epipophyses present on anterior cervical postzygapophyses*, ossified tendons distributed across the neural spines of dorsal and sacral vertebrae only; scapular blade narrow and elongate with expanded distal (extrascapular) portion; humerus with a large deltopectoral crest and large entepicondyle*; humerus lacks a posterior (olecranon) fossa; ulna with prominent olecranon; manus length more than 40% of the combined length of humerus and radius; nine carpal bones; manus digits 1–3 parallel, digits 4–5 reduced in size and divergent; penultimate phalanges of digits 2 and 3 more elongated than the proximal phalanges; extensor pits present on the dorsal surface of distal end metacarpals and phalanges; manual unguals strongly recurved, and with prominent flexor tubercles. Ilium, with a narrow vertical facet on the ischial peduncle that resembles an avian antitrochanter*; prepubic process short and deep, postpubis as long as ischium; obturator process absent; ischial shaft marked by an elongate lateral ridge that is drawn out to form a prominent lateral shelf along the mid-section of the shaft*; femoral greater and anterior trochanters not separated by a cleft; transverse axis of distal femoral articular surface obliquely orientated; fibula reduced and fused to tibia distally*; astragalus and calcaneum fused*; astragalocalcaneum fused to the distal ends of tibia and fibula*; three distal tarsals present but fused to proximal ends of their metatarsals*; metatarsals 1–4 fused together*. | |
| P. C. Sereno 2012 | Heterodontosaurid ornithischian characterized by the fol- lowing autapomorphies: (1) cheek tooth crowns subrectangular in cross-section; (2) prominent crown margins and primary ridge resulting in mesial and distal paracin- gular fossae on labial and lingual faces of maxillary and dentary crowns, respectively; (3) asymmetrical enamel on maxillary and dentary crowns (reduced in thickness on lingual and labial sides of maxillary and dentary crowns, respectively); (4) lacrimal with shallow lateral fossa; (5) jugal with extension of antorbital fossa onto the orbital ramus; (6) jugal flange posteroventrally inclined; (7) trapezoidal anterior surangular foramen; (8) axis and C3 neural spine with lateral flange; (9) C5 and C6 neural spines project anterodorsally; (10) C3-C7 with subcylindrical parapophyses; (11) mid dorsal verte- brae (D6-D10) with Y-shaped transverse processes (for di- and parapophyses); (12) scapulocoracoid foramen absent; (13) humeral epicondyles present; (14) lobe-shaped distal expansion of the iliac preacetabular process; (15) ischial peduncle narrow, co- lumnar; (16) ischial shaft with laterally-directed crescentic flange at mid-length; (17) femoral anterior and greater trochanters coossified; (18) tibiofibulotarsus coossifica- tion (possibly variable); (19) tarsometatarsus coossification. |