PBDB Taxon

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Pinacosaurus

Reptilia - Ankylosauridae

Taxonomy

Pinacosaurus was named by Gilmore (1933). It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Huene (1958); to Nodosaurinae by Huene (1959); to Nodosauridae by Gilmore (1933), Young (1935), Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Simmons (1965), Romer (1966) and Bonaparte (1978); to Polysacralosauroidea by Zhao (1983); to Syrmosaurinae by Ford (2000); to Ankylosauridae by Maleev (1956), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Maryanska (1977), Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Galton (1983), Kielan-Jaworowska (1984), Coombs (1986), Carroll (1988), Dong (1992), Buffetaut (1995), Barsbold (1997), Kirkland (1998), Tumanova (2000), Carpenter (2001), Barrett (2001), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001), Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003), Lü et al. (2007), Lü et al. (2007), Carpenter et al. (2008), Osi and Makádi (2009), Parsons and Parsons (2009), Longrich et al. (2010), Arbour et al. (2014), Arbour et al. (2014) and Han et al. (2014); and to Ankylosaurinae by Maryanska (1971), Sereno (1986), Tumanova (1987), Vickaryous et al. (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Arbour and Currie (2016) and Yang et al. (2017).

Species

P. grangeri (syn. P. ninghsiensis, Syrmosaurus viminocaudus), P. mephistocephalus

Synonyms

Syrmosaurus was named by Maleev (1952). It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Pinacosaurus by Maryanska (1971), Maryanska (1977), Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Tumanova (1987), Barrett et al. (1998), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Burns and Sullivan (2011) and Arbour and Currie (2016).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Huene (1958); to Nodosaurinae by Huene (1959); to Syrmosauridae by Maleev (1952), Maleev (1953), Maleev (1954), Tatarinov (1964) and Kuhn (1964); to Nodosauridae by Romer (1966); and to Ankylosauridae by Rozhdestvensky (1977).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1933	Pinacosaurus Gilmore p. 3 figs. 1-3
1935	Pinacosaurus Young p. 5
1952	Syrmosaurus Maleev pp. 131-134 figs. 1-3
1953	Syrmosaurus Maleev pp. 109-110
1954	Syrmosaurus Maleev pp. 146-147
1956	Pinacosaurus Maleev
1956	Pinacosaurus Romer p. 636
1958	Pinacosaurus Huene p. 206
1958	Syrmosaurus Huene p. 206
1959	Pinacosaurus Huene p. 122
1959	Syrmosaurus Huene p. 122
1964	Syrmosaurus Kuhn p. 39
1964	Pinacosaurus Kuhn p. 50
1964	Pinacosaurus Tatarinov p. 577
1964	Syrmosaurus Tatarinov p. 577
1965	Pinacosaurus Simmons p. 69
1966	Pinacosaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Syrmosaurus Romer p. 370
1971	Pinacosaurus Maryanska p. 47
1977	Pinacosaurus Maryanska pp. 98, 101
1977	Pinacosaurus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1977	Syrmosaurus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1978	Pinacosaurus Bonaparte p. 466
1978	Pinacosaurus Coombs p. 144
1983	Pinacosaurus Galton p. 6
1983	Pinacosaurus Zhao p. 304
1984	Pinacosaurus Kielan-Jaworowska p. 98
1986	Pinacosaurus Coombs, Jr. p. 162
1986	Pinacosaurus Sereno
1987	Pinacosaurus Tumanova p. 16
1988	Pinacosaurus Carroll
1992	Pinacosaurus Dong p. 166
1995	Pinacosaurus Buffetaut p. 687
1997	Pinacosaurus Barsbold p. 450
1998	Pinacosaurus Kirkland p. 273 fig. 3
2000	Pinacosaurus Ford p. 176
2000	Pinacosaurus Tumanova p. 523
2001	Pinacosaurus Barrett p. 41
2001	Pinacosaurus Carpenter p. 457
2001	Pinacosaurus Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 204
2001	Pinacosaurus Vickaryous et al. p. 1774
2003	Pinacosaurus Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 161
2004	Pinacosaurus Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2007	Pinacosaurus Lü et al. p. 889 fig. 1
2007	Pinacosaurus Lü et al. p. 349
2008	Pinacosaurus Carpenter et al. p. 1099
2009	Pinacosaurus Osi and Makádi pp. 230, 239 fig. 10
2009	Pinacosaurus Parsons and Parsons p. 736 fig. 18
2010	Pinacosaurus Longrich et al. p. 955
2014	Pinacosaurus Arbour et al. p. 11 fig. 6
2014	Pinacosaurus Arbour et al. p. 648
2014	Pinacosaurus Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11
2016	Pinacosaurus Arbour and Currie p. 407–410
2017	Pinacosaurus Yang et al. p. 786 fig. 5

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
—	Genasauria
—	Thyreophora	()
—	Ankylosauria	()
family	Ankylosauridae
subfamily	Ankylosaurinae	Nopcsa 1918
genus	Pinacosaurus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Pinacosaurus Gilmore 1933

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†Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore 1933

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Invalid names: Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Young 1935 [synonym], Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Maleev 1952 [synonym]

†Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus Godefroit et al. 1999

Invalid names: Syrmosaurus Maleev 1952 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
T. A. Tumanova 1987	Small ankylosaurid; three pairs of openings in nostril region, no osteoderms in area; two pyramidal scutes above orbits elongated into supraorbital spine; posterior and lateral corners of skull with upper and lower postorbital spines; osteoderms do not project over occiput so occipital condyle visible from top; premaxillary rostrum rounded, width greater than space between the last maxillary teeth; anterior and posterior maxillary shelves poorly developed; palatal bones raised; medial section of anterior wall of pterygoids inclined forward; plane of occiput perpendicular to plane of the skull roof; occipital condyle broadly oval, with posteroventral orientation; contact of quadrate and paroccipital processes not ossified; quadrate inclined slightly forward, [articular] condyle below rear orbital border; ventral surface of basisphenoid without sharply defined relief; fenestra ovalis not joined to jugular foramen.
V. M. Arbour and P. J. Currie 2016	Differs from all other ankylosaurs in possessing the following combination of characters: frontonasal cranial ornamentation not subdivided into discrete caputegulae; skull longer than wide in adult specimens, unlike Ankylosaurus, Euoplocephalus, Saichania or Tarchia, but similar to Gobisaurus and Shamosaurus; differs from Gobisaurus and Shamosaurus in the presence of paranasal apertures and pointed, protruding prefrontal caputegulum; unlike Crichtonpelta, lacks prominent nuchal ornamentation, and quadratojugal horn apex is not directed dorsolaterally.