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Triceratops
Taxonomy
Triceratops was named by Marsh (1889). Its type is Ceratops horridus. It is the type genus of Triceratopsini.
It was synonymized subjectively with Agathaumas by Baur (1891) and Lydekker (1893).
It was assigned to Ceratopsia by Zittel (1890); to Scelidosauria by Seeley (1892); to Ceratopsia by Gadow (1898) and Gadow (1901); to Ceratopidae by Mansel-Pleydell (1902); to Agathaumidae by Lull (1906); to Eoceratopsinae by Lambe (1915); to Monocloninae by Tatarinov (1964); to Ceratopsia by Marsh (1890), Winkler (1893), Gadow (1897), Tornier (1913), Lull (1924) and Ostrom (1965); to Ceratopinae by Olshevsky and Ford (1994); to Ceratopsinae by Nopcsa (1928), Huene (1950) and Sereno (1998); to Ceratopsidae by Marsh (1889), Marsh (1891), Marsh (1895), Depéret (1896), Marsh (1896), Lambe (1899), Nopcsa (1901), Hay (1902), Lambe (1905), Hatcher et al. (1907), Huene (1909), von Zittel (1911), Brown (1914), Brown (1914), Matthew (1915), Joleaud (1922), Gregory and Mook (1925), Huene (1927), Hay (1930), Russell (1930), Lull (1933), Chakravarti (1934), Sternberg (1949), Romer (1956), Parsch (1963), Kuhn (1964), Estes (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Swinton (1970), Madsen and Miller (1979), Lehman (1981), McIntosh (1981), McGinnis (1982), Russell (1984), Breithaupt (1985), Ostrom and Wellnhofer (1986), Clemens (1986), Tokaryk (1986), Carroll (1988), Eberth (1997), Makovicky (2001) and You and Dodson (2003); to Chasmosaurinae by Dodson and Currie (1990), Lehman (1990), Lehman (1996), Forster (1996), Vickaryous and Ryan (1997), Dodson (1997), Dodson (1997), Dodson et al. (2004), Farke (2004), Diem and Archibald (2005), Wu et al. (2007), Ryan (2007), Hunt and Lehman (2008), Scannella and Horner (2010), Longrich (2010), Xu et al. (2010), Ryan et al. (2010), Farke (2011), Maidment and Barrett (2011), Fiorillo and Tykoski (2012) and Longrich and Field (2012); and to Triceratopsini by Longrich (2014).
It was synonymized subjectively with Agathaumas by Baur (1891) and Lydekker (1893).
It was assigned to Ceratopsia by Zittel (1890); to Scelidosauria by Seeley (1892); to Ceratopsia by Gadow (1898) and Gadow (1901); to Ceratopidae by Mansel-Pleydell (1902); to Agathaumidae by Lull (1906); to Eoceratopsinae by Lambe (1915); to Monocloninae by Tatarinov (1964); to Ceratopsia by Marsh (1890), Winkler (1893), Gadow (1897), Tornier (1913), Lull (1924) and Ostrom (1965); to Ceratopinae by Olshevsky and Ford (1994); to Ceratopsinae by Nopcsa (1928), Huene (1950) and Sereno (1998); to Ceratopsidae by Marsh (1889), Marsh (1891), Marsh (1895), Depéret (1896), Marsh (1896), Lambe (1899), Nopcsa (1901), Hay (1902), Lambe (1905), Hatcher et al. (1907), Huene (1909), von Zittel (1911), Brown (1914), Brown (1914), Matthew (1915), Joleaud (1922), Gregory and Mook (1925), Huene (1927), Hay (1930), Russell (1930), Lull (1933), Chakravarti (1934), Sternberg (1949), Romer (1956), Parsch (1963), Kuhn (1964), Estes (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Swinton (1970), Madsen and Miller (1979), Lehman (1981), McIntosh (1981), McGinnis (1982), Russell (1984), Breithaupt (1985), Ostrom and Wellnhofer (1986), Clemens (1986), Tokaryk (1986), Carroll (1988), Eberth (1997), Makovicky (2001) and You and Dodson (2003); to Chasmosaurinae by Dodson and Currie (1990), Lehman (1990), Lehman (1996), Forster (1996), Vickaryous and Ryan (1997), Dodson (1997), Dodson (1997), Dodson et al. (2004), Farke (2004), Diem and Archibald (2005), Wu et al. (2007), Ryan (2007), Hunt and Lehman (2008), Scannella and Horner (2010), Longrich (2010), Xu et al. (2010), Ryan et al. (2010), Farke (2011), Maidment and Barrett (2011), Fiorillo and Tykoski (2012) and Longrich and Field (2012); and to Triceratopsini by Longrich (2014).
Synonyms
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
---|---|
1889 | Triceratops Marsh p. 173 |
1890 | Triceratops sulcatus Marsh |
1890 | Triceratops Marsh p. 418 |
1890 | Triceratops sulcatus Marsh p. 422 |
1890 | Triceratops Zittel p. 752 |
1890 | Triceratops sulcatus Zittel p. 753 |
1891 | Sterrholophus Marsh |
1891 | Triceratops Marsh p. 265 |
1891 | Sterrholophus Marsh pp. 339-340 |
1892 | Triceratops Seeley |
1893 | Triceratops Winkler p. 109 |
1895 | Sterrholophus Marsh |
1895 | Triceratops Marsh |
1896 | Triceratops Depéret p. 185 |
1896 | Sterrholophus Marsh p. 243 |
1896 | Triceratops Marsh p. 243 |
1897 | Triceratops Gadow p. 205 |
1898 | Triceratops Gadow p. 23 |
1899 | Triceratops Lambe p. 187 |
1900 | Triceratops sulcatus Walcott p. 23 |
1901 | Triceratops Gadow p. 430 |
1901 | Sterrholophus Nopcsa p. 217 |
1901 | Triceratops Nopcsa p. 217 |
1901 | Triceratops sulcatus Nopcsa p. 217 |
1902 | Triceratops Hay p. 498 |
1902 | Sterrholophus Hay p. 499 |
1902 | Triceratops sulcatus Hay p. 499 |
1902 | Sterrholophus Mansel-Pleydell p. lxxxiv |
1902 | Triceratops Mansel-Pleydell p. lxxxiv |
1902 | Triceratops sulcatus Mansel-Pleydell p. lxxxv |
1905 | Diceratops Hatcher and Lull p. 417 |
1905 | Triceratops Lambe p. 23 |
1905 | Sterrholophus Lambe p. 24 |
1906 | Diceratops Lull p. 144 |
1906 | Triceratops Lull p. 144 |
1907 | Triceratops Hatcher et al. p. 12 |
1907 | Diceratops Hatcher et al. p. 168 |
1907 | Triceratops sulcatus Hatcher et al. p. 170 |
1909 | Diceratops Huene p. 18 |
1909 | Triceratops Huene p. 18 |
1911 | Diceratops von Zittel p. 296 |
1911 | Triceratops von Zittel p. 296 |
1913 | Diceratops Tornier p. 375 |
1913 | Triceratops Tornier p. 375 |
1914 | Triceratops Brown p. 377 |
1914 | Triceratops sulcatus Brown p. 542 |
1914 | Triceratops Brown p. 543 |
1914 | Triceratops sulcatus Huene p. 584 |
1915 | Diceratops Lambe p. 18 |
1915 | Triceratops Lambe p. 20 |
1915 | Triceratops Matthew p. 30 |
1920 | Triceratops sulcatus Pompeckj p. 114 |
1922 | Triceratops Joleaud p. 64 |
1922 | Diceratops Joleaud p. 65 |
1924 | Diceratops Lull p. 244 |
1924 | Triceratops Lull p. 244 |
1925 | Triceratops Gregory and Mook pp. 4-6 |
1925 | Diceratops Gregory and Mook p. 6 |
1927 | Diceratops Huene p. 261 |
1927 | Triceratops Huene p. 261 |
1927 | Triceratops sulcatus Huene p. 261 |
1928 | Diceratops Nopcsa p. 185 |
1928 | Triceratops Nopcsa p. 185 |
1930 | Diceratops Hay p. 226 |
1930 | Triceratops Hay p. 227 |
1930 | Triceratops sulcatus Hay p. 230 |
1930 | Diceratops Russell p. 140 |
1930 | Triceratops Russell p. 140 |
1930 | Triceratops sulcatus Russell p. 140 |
1933 | Triceratops Lull p. 114 |
1934 | Triceratops Chakravarti p. 78 |
1940 | Triceratops sulcatus Brown and Schlaikjer p. 4 fig. 3 |
1949 | Triceratops Sternberg p. 41 fig. 1 |
1950 | Diceratops Huene p. 351 |
1950 | Triceratops Huene p. 351 |
1956 | Diceratops Romer p. 639 |
1956 | Sterrholophus Romer p. 639 |
1956 | Triceratops Romer p. 639 |
1963 | Triceratops Parsch p. 8 |
1964 | Triceratops Estes p. 145 |
1964 | Diceratops Kuhn p. 56 |
1964 | Triceratops Kuhn p. 59 |
1964 | Triceratops sulcatus Kuhn p. 59 |
1964 | Triceratops Tatarinov p. 583 |
1964 | Sterrholophus Tatarinov p. 585 |
1965 | Triceratops Ostrom p. 39 |
1965 | Triceratops sulcatus Ostrom p. 39 |
1966 | Diceratops Romer p. 371 |
1966 | Triceratops Romer p. 371 |
1967 | Triceratops Charig p. 717 |
1970 | Triceratops Swinton p. 254 |
1979 | Triceratops Madsen and Miller p. 5 |
1981 | Triceratops Lehman p. 207 |
1981 | Triceratops McIntosh p. 41 |
1982 | Triceratops McGinnis p. 106 |
1984 | Diceratops Russell p. 27 |
1984 | Triceratops Russell p. 27 |
1985 | Triceratops Breithaupt p. 167 |
1986 | Diceratops Clemens p. 80 |
1986 | Triceratops Clemens p. 80 |
1986 | Triceratops Ostrom and Wellnhofer p. 156 |
1986 | Triceratops Tokaryk p. 193 |
1988 | Triceratops Carroll |
1990 | Triceratops Dodson and Currie p. 612 |
1990 | Triceratops Lehman p. 212 |
1994 | Triceratops Olshevsky and Ford |
1996 | Diceratops Forster p. 261 |
1996 | Triceratops Forster p. 268 |
1996 | Triceratops Lehman p. 505 fig. 10 |
1997 | Triceratops Dodson p. 12 |
1997 | Triceratops Eberth p. 202 |
1997 | Triceratops Vickaryous and Ryan p. 492 |
1998 | Triceratops Sereno p. 62 |
2001 | Triceratops Makovicky p. 254 fig. 18.3 |
2003 | Triceratops You and Dodson |
2004 | Diceratops Dodson et al. p. 496 |
2004 | Triceratops Dodson et al. p. 496 |
2004 | Triceratops Farke p. 4 |
2005 | Triceratops Diem and Archibald p. 251 |
2007 | Triceratops Ryan p. 391 fig. 12 |
2007 | Nedoceratops Ukrainsky p. 292 |
2007 | Diceratops Wu et al. p. 1261 fig. 14 |
2007 | Triceratops Wu et al. p. 1261 fig. 14 |
2008 | Triceratops Hunt and Lehman p. 1132 |
2008 | Diceratus Mateus p. 423 |
2010 | Triceratops Longrich p. 692 fig. 10 |
2010 | Tatankaceratops Ott and Larson p. 205 |
2010 | Diceratops Ryan et al. p. 185 |
2010 | Triceratops Ryan et al. p. 185 |
2010 | Triceratops Scannella and Horner p. 1166 |
2010 | Ojoceratops Sullivan and Lucas p. 171 |
2010 | Diceratops Xu et al. p. 1634 fig. 3 |
2010 | Triceratops Xu et al. p. 1634 fig. 3 |
2011 | Nedoceratops Farke p. 3 |
2011 | Triceratops Farke pp. 6-8 |
2011 | Ojoceratops Jasinski et al. p. 253 |
2011 | Ojoceratops Maidment and Barrett p. 3 |
2011 | Tatankaceratops Maidment and Barrett p. 3 |
2011 | Triceratops Maidment and Barrett p. 36 |
2012 | Triceratops Fiorillo and Tykoski |
2012 | Triceratops Longrich and Field p. 9 |
2014 | Triceratops Longrich p. 303 fig. 8 |
2015 | Ojoceratops Jasinski p. 79 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Triceratops Marsh 1889
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†Triceratops horridus Marsh 1889
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Invalid names: Nedoceratops hatcheri Lull 1905 [synonym], Triceratops albertensis Sternberg 1949 [synonym], Triceratops brevicornus Hatcher and Lull 1905 [synonym], Triceratops calicornis Marsh 1898 [synonym], Triceratops elatus Marsh 1891 [synonym], Triceratops eurycephalus Schlaikjer 1935 [synonym], Triceratops flabellatus Marsh 1889 [synonym], Triceratops obtusus Marsh 1898 [synonym], Triceratops serratus Marsh 1890 [synonym]
†Triceratops prorsus Marsh 1890
Invalid names: Nedoceratops Ukrainsky 2007 [synonym], Ojoceratops Sullivan and Lucas 2010 [synonym], Sterrholophus Marsh 1891 [synonym], Tatankaceratops Ott and Larson 2010 [synonym], Triceratops sulcatus Marsh 1890 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
---|---|---|
J. H. Ostrom and P. Wellnhofer 1986 | Large ceratopsian with three facial horns – two large brow horns composed of postfrontals and frontals and a single nasal horn composed of a separate ossification or as an outgrowth of the nasals; lengths and curvature of horns vary; nasal horn size variable, but always shorter than brown horns, directed up and forward and usually not curved; brow horns project up and forward, and transverse or posterior curvature variable, but usually not present; frill short compared with some other ceratopsids (postorbital length = 1.1 to 1.4 times preorbital length), composed of parietals and long squamosals extending to posterior frill margin; frill margins now horned or bearing spikes, but may support blunt epoccipital bones; frill is not fenestrated except for small lateral and superior temporal fenestra proximally; postfrontal fontanelle usually closed; antorbital fenestra narrow and slit-like; external naris very large; large edentulous turtle-like beak composed of rostral and premaxillae above and predentary below; jugal expanded into a robust ventral process overlapping the quadrate; mandivle massive with a strong laterally placed coronoid process of the denture; teeth "two-rooted" and compressed into large longitudinal shearing batteries; twenty-four presacral vertebrae, including eight cervicals; first four cervicals co-ossified; lumbars lacking; sacral series includes posterior dorsals and proximal caudals up to a total of 10 or 11 segments; limbs as in other ceratopsids. | |
J. B. Scannella and J. R. Horner 2010 | Skull bears elongate postorbital horn cores (derived from fusion of the postorbitals and prefrontals early in ontogeny) plus a single variable epinasal horn. Epinasal unites the rostral-nasal-premaxillae complex. The shape of the frontal fontanelle is variable, though generally circular when present; some specimens lack a frontal fontanelle as a result of closure of the frontals and parietal. Parietal-squamosal frill relatively short, broad, and fan-like (compared to other chasmosaurine genera). Fenestrated and expanded in mature individuals. Strong undulating midline parietal ridge throughout early ontogeny becomes a broad parietal bar in mature specimens; fenestrae are ovate to nearly circular. Pronounced squamosal bars alongside parietal-squamosal contacts in mature specimens. Epiparietals and episquamosals ornament posterior and lateral margins of the parietal-squamosal frill. Epijugals on the jugal flange fuse the jugal-quadratojugal complex (modified from Ostrom and Wellnhofer, 1986, and Forster, 1996). | |
R. M. Sullivan and S. G. Lucas 2010 (Ojoceratops) | As for the type and only known species. | |
C. J. Ott and P. L. Larson 2010 (Tatankaceratops) | As for type species, by monotypy. | |
A. A. Farke 2011 (Nedoceratops) | As for the type and only species. |