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Taxonomy
Phocinae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.
It was assigned to Phocidae by Gill (1866), Allen (1880), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Turner (1912), Weber (1928), Hay (1930), Friant (1947), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Burns and Fay (1970), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Tedford (1976), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Muizon (1981), Thomas et al. (1982), Muizon (1982), Antoniuk and Koretsky (1984), Kovacs and Lavigne (1986), Riedman (1990), Koretsky (1991), Koretsky and Ray (1994), McKenna and Bell (1997), Rice (1998), Ginsburg and Janvier (1999), Koretsky (2001), Cozzuol (2001), Berta (2002), Koretsky and Holec (2002), Deméré et al. (2003), Koretsky (2003), Davis et al. (2004), Koretsky and Barnes (2006), Koretsky and Barnes (2008), Koretsky and Ray (2008), Berta (2009), Fulton and Strobeck (2010), Koretsky et al. (2012), Koretsky et al. (2014), Koretsky et al. (2015), Berta (2017), Dewaele et al. (2017), Dewaele et al. (2017), Dewaele et al. (2018), Berta (2018), Berta et al. (2018), Albright et al. (2019), Kienle and Berta (2019), Gol'din et al. (2020), Hafed et al. (2021), Koretsky and Rahmat (2021) and Hafed et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Phocidae by Gill (1866), Allen (1880), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Turner (1912), Weber (1928), Hay (1930), Friant (1947), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Burns and Fay (1970), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Tedford (1976), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Muizon (1981), Thomas et al. (1982), Muizon (1982), Antoniuk and Koretsky (1984), Kovacs and Lavigne (1986), Riedman (1990), Koretsky (1991), Koretsky and Ray (1994), McKenna and Bell (1997), Rice (1998), Ginsburg and Janvier (1999), Koretsky (2001), Cozzuol (2001), Berta (2002), Koretsky and Holec (2002), Deméré et al. (2003), Koretsky (2003), Davis et al. (2004), Koretsky and Barnes (2006), Koretsky and Barnes (2008), Koretsky and Ray (2008), Berta (2009), Fulton and Strobeck (2010), Koretsky et al. (2012), Koretsky et al. (2014), Koretsky et al. (2015), Berta (2017), Dewaele et al. (2017), Dewaele et al. (2017), Dewaele et al. (2018), Berta (2018), Berta et al. (2018), Albright et al. (2019), Kienle and Berta (2019), Gol'din et al. (2020), Hafed et al. (2021), Koretsky and Rahmat (2021) and Hafed et al. (2024).
Subtaxa
Batavipusa, Cryptophoca, Cystophora (syn. Stemmatopis, Cystophoca, Stemmatopus, Stemmatops), Cystophorini, Erignathini, Erignathus, Frisiphoca, Gryphoca, Halichoerus, Histriophoca, Kawas, Leptophoca, Leptophoca amphiatlantica, Monachopsis, Nanophoca, Necromites, Pagophilus, Phoca (syn. Haliphilus, Pagomys, Arctias, Halicyon, Caspiopusa, Callocephalus, Pagophoca), Phocanella, Phocini, Platyphoca, Praepusa, Prophoca, Pusa, Sarmatonectes
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1821 | Phocinae Gray p. 302 |
1866 | Phocinae Gill p. 5 |
1880 | Phocinae Allen p. 557 |
1898 | Phocinae Trouessart p. 381 |
1904 | Phocinae Trouessart p. 284 |
1912 | Phocinae Turner p. 178 |
1928 | Phocinae Weber p. 351 |
1930 | Phocinae Hay p. 562 |
1947 | Phocinae Friant p. 6 |
1963 | Phocinae Scheffer and Rice p. 3 |
1970 | Phocinae Burns and Fay p. 380 |
1971 | Phocinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 162 |
1976 | Phocinae Tedford p. 372 |
1980 | Phocinae Kurten and Anderson p. 204 |
1981 | Phocinae Muizon p. 135 |
1982 | Phocinae Muizon p. 205 figs. Table 1 |
1982 | Phocinae Thomas et al. p. 1 |
1984 | Phocinae Antoniuk and Koretsky p. 27 |
1986 | Phocinae Kovacs and Lavigne p. 1 |
1990 | Phocinae Riedman p. 57 figs. Table 2 |
1991 | Phocinae Koretsky p. 41A |
1994 | Phocinae Koretsky and Ray p. 18 |
1997 | Phocinae McKenna and Bell p. 257 |
1998 | Phocinae Rice |
1999 | Phocinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 170 |
2001 | Phocinae Cozzuol p. 415 |
2001 | Phocinae Koretsky p. 34 |
2002 | Phocinae Berta p. 923 |
2002 | Phocinae Koretsky and Holec p. 175 figs. Fig. 9 |
2003 | Phocinae Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3 |
2003 | Phocinae Koretsky p. 64 |
2004 | Phocinae Davis et al. p. 365 |
2006 | Phocinae Koretsky and Barnes p. 148 |
2008 | Phocinae Koretsky and Barnes p. 545 |
2008 | Phocinae Koretsky and Ray p. 84 |
2009 | Phocinae Berta p. 863 |
2010 | Phocinae Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1 |
2012 | Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 5 |
2012 | Leptophoca amphiatlantica Koretsky et al. p. 7 figs. Figures 2-4; Table 1 |
2014 | Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 421 |
2015 | Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 58 |
2017 | Phocinae Berta p. 157 |
2017 | Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 13 |
2017 | Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 10 |
2018 | Phocinae Berta p. 715 figs. Fig. 3C |
2018 | Phocinae Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 2 |
2018 | Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 14 |
2019 | Phocinae Albright et al. p. 178 |
2019 | Phocinae Kienle and Berta |
2020 | Phocinae Gol'din et al. p. 8 |
2021 | Phocinae Hafed et al. |
2021 | Phocinae Koretsky and Rahmat p. 144 |
2024 | Phocinae Hafed et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. Phocinae Gray 1821 [seal]
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G. †Cryptophoca Koretsky and Ray 1994
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G. Cystophora Nilsson 1820 [hooded seal]
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Cystophora cristata Erxleben 1779 [hooded seal]
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Invalid names: Cystophora borealis Nilsson 1820 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cystophoca Schufeldt 1890 [synonym], Stemmatopis Gloger 1841 [synonym], Stemmatops Van der Hoeven 1855 [synonym], Stemmatopus Cuvier 1824 [synonym]
Tr. Cystophorini Gray 1866
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G. †Pachyphoca Koretsky and Rahmat 2013
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†Pachyphoca chapskii Koretsky and Rahmat 2013
†Pachyphoca ukrainica Koretsky and Rahmat 2013
†Pachyphoca volkodavi Tarasenko 2022
G. Erignathus Gill 1866 [bearded seal]
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Erignathus barbatus Erxleben 1777 [bearded seal]
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Invalid names: Phoca nautica Pallas 1811 [synonym]
G. †Frisiphoca Dewaele et al. 2018
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†Frisiphoca aberratum Vanden Broeck 1874
†Frisiphoca affine Vanden Broeck 1874
G. †Gryphoca Van Beneden 1876
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†Gryphoca nordica Koretsky et al. 2014
†Gryphoca similis Van Beneden 1876
G. Halichoerus Nilsson 1820 [grey seal]
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Subg. Halichoerus (Halichoerus) Trouessart 1898
Halichoerus grypus Fabricius 1791 [grey seal]
G. Histriophoca Gill 1873 [ribbon seal]
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†Histriophoca alekseevi Koretsky 2001
Histriophoca fasciata Zimmermann 1783 [ribbon seal]
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Invalid names: Phoca equestris Pallas 1831 [synonym]
G. †Leptophoca True 1906
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G. Phoca Linnaeus 1758 [seal]
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Subg. Phoca (Phoca) Trouessart 1898
Phoca caspica Nilsson 1837
†Phoca moori Newton 1890
Phoca richardii pribilofensis Allen 1902
Phoca vitulina Linnaeus 1758 [harbor seal]
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Phoca vitulina concolor De Kay 1842
Phoca vitulina stejnegeri Allen 1902
Invalid names: Halichoerus antarcticus Peale 1848 [synonym]
Invalid names: Arctias Rafinesque 1815 [synonym], Callocephalus Cuvier 1827 [synonym], Caspiopusa Dybowski 1929 [synonym], Halicyon Gray 1864 [synonym], Haliphilus Gray 1866 [synonym], Pagomys Gray 1860 [synonym], Pagophoca Trouessart 1904 [synonym]
G. †Phocanella Van Beneden 1876
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Invalid names: Phoca (Phocanella) straeleni Friant 1944 [nomen dubium], Phocanella couffoni Friant 1947 [nomen dubium]
Tr. Phocini Gray 1821
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Subtr. Phocina Gray 1825
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Invalid names: Histriophocina Koretsky 2001 [empty], Phocinina Koretsky 2001 [empty]
G. †Platyphoca Van Beneden 1876
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†Platyphoca danica Koretsky et al. 2014
†Platyphoca vulgaris Van Beneden 1876
G. †Praepusa Kretzoi 1941
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†Praepusa boeska Koretsky et al. 2015
†Praepusa magyaricus Koretsky 2003
†Praepusa pannonica Kretzoi 1941
†Praepusa tarchankutica Antoniuk and Koretsky 1984
†Praepusa vindobonensis Toula 1897
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Invalid names: Phoca holitschensis Bruhl 1860 [synonym], Phoca viennensis Blainville 1864 [synonym]
Invalid names: Phoca viennensis antiqua Blainville 1842 [invalid subgroup]
G. Pusa Scopoli 1777 [Arctic seal]
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Phoca ochotensis macrodens Allen 1902
Pusa caspica Nilsson 1837
Pusa hispida Schreber 1775 [ringed seal]
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Pusa hispida gichigensis Allen 1902
Pusa hispida ochotensis Pallas 1831
Pusa hispida saimensis Nordquist 1900
Invalid names: Phoca (Phoca) foetida Fabricius 1776 [synonym]
Pusa sibirica Gmelin 1788
Invalid names: Erignathini Chapski 1955 [empty], Leptophoca amphiatlantica Koretsky et al. 2012 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available