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Paraptenodytes antarcticus

Reptilia - Spheniscidae

Taxonomy
Palaeospheniscus antarcticus was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a set of limb elements (femur, tibia, tarsometatarsus), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Cerro del Castillo, Trelew, which is in an Aquitanian/Burdigalian shallow subtidal sandstone in the Gaiman Formation of Argentina.

It was recombined as Paraptenodytes antarcticus by Ameghino (1891), Ameghino (1894), Ameghino (1905), Lambrecht (1933), Simpson (1946), Brodkorb (1963), Acosta Hospitaleche (2005), Bertelli et al. (2006), Ksepka and Bertelli (2006), Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi (2008), Acosta Hospitaleche et al. (2008) and Tambussi et al. (2023).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1891Paraptenodytes antarcticus Ameghino p. 447
1891Palaeospheniscus antarcticus Moreno and Mercerat p. 16 figs. Plate 2, Fig. 1, 2,
1894Paraptenodytes antarcticus Ameghino
1905Paraptenodytes antarcticus Ameghino p. 139
1933Paraptenodytes antarcticus Lambrecht p. 232
1946Paraptenodytes antarcticus Simpson p. 33
1963Paraptenodytes antarcticus Brodkorb p. 238
2005Paraptenodytes antarcticus Acosta Hospitaleche p. 408
2006Paraptenodytes antarcticus Bertelli et al. p. 1
2006Paraptenodytes antarcticus Ksepka and Bertelli p. 389
2008Paraptenodytes antarcticus Acosta Hospitaleche et al. p. 568
2008Paraptenodytes antarcticus Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi p. 118
2023Paraptenodytes antarcticus Tambussi et al. p. 273

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Life
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
Romeriida
Diapsida()
Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
RankNameAuthor
Crocopoda
ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
Eucrocopoda
Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
Ornithodira
Dinosauromorpha
Dinosauriformes
Dinosauria()
Theropoda()
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria()
Maniraptora
Paraves
classAves
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
Aequornithes
Feraequornithes
superorderProcellariimorphae
Sphenisciformes(Sharpe 1891)
familySpheniscidaeBonaparte 1831
genusParaptenodytes
speciesantarcticus()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Paraptenodytes antarcticus Moreno and Mercerat 1891
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Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
C. Acosta Hospitaleche and C. Tambussi 2008Tarsometatarsus. Metatarsals distally inclined to- wards the medial side. Both foramina vascularia proximalia open at the same level. Tuberositas musculi tibialis cranialis extended and rounded. Sulci longitudinalis dorsalis shallow and subequal in size. Absence of fossae infracotylaris dorsa- lis medialis and lateralis. Lateral surface with a rib weakly marked towards the facies caudalis. Robust trochleas, with a strong trochlear divergence. The cranial extension of the trochlea IV is larger than those of digits II and III. Trochlea III triangular in shape, with strong and divergent margins. Hypotarsus with two parallel cristae intermediae, one cris- tae medialis developed proximally to the foramen vasculare
proximale mediale (oblique to the cristae intermediae), and one weakly developed crista lateralis hypotarsi, proximal and lateral to the foramen vasculare proximale laterale.