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Ficus (fig)
Taxonomy
Ficus was named by Linnaeus (1753) [(Tournefort) Linnaeus]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Ficidae by Berry (1914); to Urticaceae by Knowlton (1899) and Antal and Awasthi (1993); and to Moraceae by Linnaeus (1753), Knowlton (1919), Knowlton (1926), MacGinitie (1941), Chandler (1962), Chandler (1963), Lakhanpal et al. (1976), Chauhan (1991), Srivastava (1991), Liu et al. (1996), Konomatsu and Awasthi (1999), Mabberley (2000), Prasad (2008), Prasad et al. (2017) and Huang and Zhou (2018).
It was assigned to Ficidae by Berry (1914); to Urticaceae by Knowlton (1899) and Antal and Awasthi (1993); and to Moraceae by Linnaeus (1753), Knowlton (1919), Knowlton (1926), MacGinitie (1941), Chandler (1962), Chandler (1963), Lakhanpal et al. (1976), Chauhan (1991), Srivastava (1991), Liu et al. (1996), Konomatsu and Awasthi (1999), Mabberley (2000), Prasad (2008), Prasad et al. (2017) and Huang and Zhou (2018).
Species
F. aguilar, F. alabamensis, F. alaskana, F. alkalina, F. andraei, F. appendiculata, F. applegatei, F. arenacea, F. arenaceaeformis, F. artocarpoides, F. asarifolia, F. asiminaefolia, F. atavina, F. auriculata, F. austiniana, F. baueri, F. beauveriei, F. berthoudi, F. bruesi, F. caricites, F. cecilensis, F. celtifolius, F. ceratops, F. champarensis, F. cinnamomoides, F. claibornensis, F. coloradensis (syn. F. irregularis), F. contorta, F. corylifolius, F. crassipes, F. crossii, F. curta, F. dalli (syn. F. membranacea), F. dalmatica, F. daphnogenoides (syn. F. proteoides), F. dawsoni (syn. F. maxima), F. decandolleana, F. deflexa, F. deformata, F. densifolia, F. denveriana (syn. F. spectabilis), F. distorta, F. duplicata, F. eolignitica, F. eomysorensis, F. eucalyptifolia, F. evanstonensis (syn. F. nervosa), F. fimbriatus, F. firma (syn. F. montana), F. florissantella, F. florissantia, F. fontainii, F. fracta, F. fremonti, F. georgiana, F. gigantea, F. glascoeana, F. goshenensis, F. haddeni, F. haguei, F. halliana, F. harkeriana, F. harrisiana, F. haydenii, F. hesperia, F. inaequalis, F. incompleta, F. interglacialis, F. jynx, F. kachchhensis, F. kansasensis (syn. F. angustata), F. khariensis, F. krausiana (syn. F. beckwithii), F. lacustris, F. lanceolatoacuminata, F. laurophylla (syn. Laurophyllum reticulatum), F. laurophyllidia, F. leei, F. leonis (syn. F. macrophylla), F. lesquereuxii, F. limpida, F. magnoliaefolia, F. mattawanensis, F. melanophylla, F. mensae (syn. F. microphylla), F. microtrivia, F. minima, F. minutidens, F. miocenicus, F. missouriensis, F. monodon, F. mudgei, F. myrtifolius, F. navicularis (syn. F. lanceolata), F. neoplanicostata, F. nepalensis, F. neurocarpa, F. newberryana, F. newtonensis, F. oblanceolata, F. occidentalis, F. oodlabariensis, F. oregoniana, F. ovaliformis (syn. F. ovalis), F. ovatifolia, F. planicostata (syn. F. clintoni), F. populina, F. populoides, F. praecursor, F. praelatifolia, F. praesinuosa (syn. F. sinuosa), F. praetrinervis, F. precunea, F. primordialis, F. problematica, F. pseudocuspidata, F. pseudopopulus, F. puryearensis, F. raptiensis, F. ratonensis, F. regularis, F. religiosites, F. retusoides, F. rhamnoides, F. richardsoni, F. richmondensis, F. rockvalensis, F. rotundata, F. russelli, F. sapindifolia, F. schimperi (syn. Celtis brevifolia), F. shastensis, F. shirleyensis, F. smithsoniana, F. speciossima, F. spericus, F. sphericus, F. squarrosa, F. starkvillensis, F. stephensoni, F. subtruncata, F. talamancana, F. tenuinervis, F. tessellata, F. tiliaefolia, F. tressensii, F. trinervis, F. uncata (syn. F. gaudini), F. undulatiformis (syn. F. undulata), F. ungeri, F. vaughani, F. viburnifolia, F. wardii, F. washingtonensis, F. wellingtoniae, F. wilcoxensis, F. willisiana, F. woolsoni, F. wyomingiana, F. zizyphoides
Species lacking formal opinion data
F. americanafolia, F. andrewsi, F. aramaryensis, F. australis, F. austrinus, F. betijoquensis, F. carbesea, F. carica, F. eopapyratia, F. geometra, F. imperfectus, F. mamilliferafolia, F. meridionalis, F. meridonalis, F. papyratium, F. patagonica, F. perplexa, F. peruviana, F. potentilloides, F. subintermedia, F. talamanca, F. texana, F. tricostatus, F. ventricosus, F. winslowiana
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1753 | Ficus Linnaeus |
1899 | Ficus Knowlton |
1914 | Ficus Berry p. 235 |
1919 | Ficus Knowlton |
1926 | Ficus Knowlton |
1941 | Ficus MacGinitie |
1962 | Ficus Chandler p. 36 |
1963 | Ficus Chandler p. 76 |
1976 | Ficus Lakhanpal et al. |
1991 | Ficus Chauhan |
1991 | Ficus Srivastava |
1993 | Ficus Antal and Awasthi |
1996 | Ficus Liu et al. |
1999 | Ficus Konomatsu and Awasthi |
2000 | Ficus Mabberley |
2008 | Ficus Prasad |
2017 | Ficus Prasad et al. |
2018 | Ficus Huang and Zhou |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Ficus Linnaeus 1753 [fig]
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†Ficus aguilar Knowlton 1918
†Ficus alabamensis Berry 1919
†Ficus alaskana Newberry 1882
†Ficus alkalina Lesquereux 1883
†Ficus andraei Lesquereux 1888
†Ficus appendiculata Heer 1856
†Ficus applegatei Knowlton 1902
†Ficus arenacea Lesquereux 1871
†Ficus arenaceaeformis Cockerell 1908
†Ficus artocarpoides Lesquereux 1883
†Ficus asarifolia Ettingshausen 1867
†Ficus asiminaefolia Lesquereux 1883
†Ficus atavina Heer 1882
Ficus auriculata Loureiro 1790
†Ficus austiniana Lesquereux 1884
†Ficus baueri Knowlton 1916
†Ficus beauveriei Zeiller 1888
†Ficus berthoudi Lesquereux 1888
†Ficus bruesi Cockerell 1910
†Ficus caricites Trivedi 1980
†Ficus cecilensis Berry 1916
†Ficus celtifolius Berry 1914
†Ficus ceratops Knowlton 1911
†Ficus champarensis Lakhanpal and Awasthi 1984
†Ficus cinnamomoides Lesquereux 1869
†Ficus claibornensis Berry 1914
†Ficus contorta Dawson 1893
†Ficus corylifolius Lesquereux 1872
†Ficus crassipes Heer 1874
†Ficus crossii Ward 1885
†Ficus curta Knowlton 1917
†Ficus dalmatica Ettingshausen 1855
†Ficus decandolleana Heer 1856
†Ficus deflexa Lesquereux 1891
†Ficus deformata Knowlton 1899
†Ficus densifolia Knowlton 1899
†Ficus distorta Lesquereux 1875
†Ficus duplicata Knowlton 1918
†Ficus eolignitica Berry 1916
†Ficus eomysorensis Tripathi et al. 2002
†Ficus eucalyptifolia Knowlton 1918
†Ficus evanstonensis Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
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Invalid names: Ficus nervosa Newberry 1882 [replaced]
†Ficus fimbriatus Lesquereux 1868
†Ficus florissantella Cockerell 1908
†Ficus florissantia Knowlton 1916
†Ficus fontainii Berry 1919
†Ficus fracta Velenovsky 1885
†Ficus fremonti Knowlton 1917
†Ficus georgiana Berry 1914
†Ficus gigantea Knowlton 1918
†Ficus glascoeana Lesquereux 1883
†Ficus goshenensis Chaney and Sanborn 1933
†Ficus haddeni Knowlton 1918
†Ficus haguei Knowlton 1899
†Ficus halliana Lesquereux 1874
†Ficus harkeriana Knowlton 1919
†Ficus harrisiana Hollick 1899
†Ficus haydenii Lesquereux 1872
†Ficus hesperia Knowlton 1900
†Ficus inaequalis Lesquereux 1891
†Ficus incompleta Knowlton 1900
†Ficus interglacialis Hollick 1915
†Ficus jynx Unger 1850
†Ficus kachchhensis Lakhanpal and Guleria 1981
†Ficus kansasensis Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
+
Invalid names: Ficus angustata Lesquereux 1883 [replaced]
†Ficus khariensis Lakhanpal and Guleria 1982
†Ficus lacustris Knowlton 1901
†Ficus lanceolatoacuminata Ettingshausen 1872
†Ficus laurophylla Lesquereux 1874
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Invalid names: Laurophyllum reticulatum Lesquereux 1872 [synonym]
†Ficus laurophyllidia Dawson 1893
†Ficus leei Knowlton 1918
†Ficus leonis Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
+
Invalid names: Ficus macrophylla Lesquereux 1891 [replaced]
†Ficus lesquereuxii Knowlton 1898
†Ficus limpida Ward 1885
†Ficus magnoliaefolia Lesquereux 1883
†Ficus mattawanensis Berry 1911
†Ficus melanophylla Lesquereux 1891
†Ficus microtrivia Huang and Zhou 2018
†Ficus minima Knowlton 1918
†Ficus minutidens Knowlton 1918
†Ficus miocenicus Konomatsu and Awasthi 1999
†Ficus missouriensis Knowlton 1900
†Ficus monodon Lesquereux 1869
†Ficus mudgei Lesquereux 1891
†Ficus myrtifolius Berry 1916
†Ficus neoplanicostata Knowlton 1918
†Ficus nepalensis Prasad 1990
†Ficus neurocarpa Hollick 1903
†Ficus newberryana Knowlton 1918
†Ficus newtonensis Berry 1918
†Ficus oblanceolata Lesquereux 1872
†Ficus occidentalis Lesquereux 1872
†Ficus oodlabariensis Antal and Awasthi 1993
†Ficus oregoniana Lesquereux 1888
†Ficus ovatifolia Newberry 1896
†Ficus populina Heer 1856
†Ficus populoides Knowlton 1900
†Ficus praecursor Lesquereux 1891
†Ficus praelatifolia Knowlton 1916
†Ficus praetrinervis Knowlton 1917
†Ficus precunea Lakhanpal 1968
†Ficus primordialis Heer 1866
†Ficus problematica Knowlton 1900
†Ficus pseudocuspidata Berry 1916
†Ficus pseudopopulus Lesquereux 1875
†Ficus puryearensis Berry 1916
†Ficus raptiensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996
†Ficus ratonensis Knowlton 1918
†Ficus regularis Knowlton 1917
†Ficus religiosites Trivedi 1980
†Ficus retusoides Prasad 1990
†Ficus rhamnoides Knowlton 1900
†Ficus richardsoni Knowlton 1918
†Ficus richmondensis Berry 1909
†Ficus rockvalensis Knowlton 1918
†Ficus rotundata Dawson 1893
†Ficus russelli Knowlton 1911
†Ficus sapindifolia Hollick 1904
†Ficus shastensis Lesquereux 1888
†Ficus shirleyensis Berry 1919
†Ficus smithsoniana Lesquereux 1871
†Ficus speciossima Ward 1885
†Ficus spericus Berry 1929
†Ficus sphericus Berry 1929
†Ficus squarrosa Knowlton 1900
†Ficus starkvillensis Knowlton 1918
†Ficus stephensoni Berry 1910
†Ficus subtruncata Lesquereux 1872
†Ficus talamancana Berry 1921
†Ficus tenuinervis Lesquereux 1883
†Ficus tessellata Lesquereux 1878
†Ficus tiliaefolia Br.
†Ficus tressensii Anzotegui 1998
†Ficus trinervis Knowlton 1900
†Ficus undulatiformis Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
+
Invalid names: Ficus undulata Lesquereux 1891 [replaced]
†Ficus ungeri Lesquereux 1871
†Ficus vaughani Berry 1916
†Ficus viburnifolia Ward 1885
†Ficus wardii Knowlton 1900
†Ficus washingtonensis Knowlton 1926
†Ficus wellingtoniae Dawson 1893
†Ficus wilcoxensis Berry 1916
†Ficus willisiana Hollick 1894
†Ficus woolsoni Newberry 1892
†Ficus wyomingiana Lesquereux 1875
†Ficus zizyphoides Lesquereux 1873
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: p = phylum | |||||
Reference: Kiessling 2009 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Albian to the top of the Middle Pleistocene or 105.30000 to 0.12600 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 100.5 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 100.5 Ma
Collections (251 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
---|---|---|---|
Early/Lower Cretaceous | Canada (British Columbia) | Ficus ovatifolia (31384) | |
Early/Lower Cretaceous | USA (Georgia) | Ficus crassipes, Ficus krausiana (212692) | |
Albian | Canada (Alberta) | Ficus ovatifolia (24838) | |
Late/Upper Albian | USA (Montana) | Ficus ovatifolia (31171) | |
Late/Upper Albian - Cenomanian | Canada (British Columbia) | Ficus fontainii (24934) | |
Late/Upper Cretaceous | USA (Wyoming) | Ficus inaequalis (31383) Ficus sp., Ficus fremonti (31382) Ficus trinervis (34974) | |
Late/Upper Cretaceous | Colombia (Cundinamarca) | Ficus andrewsi (31112) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | Canada (British Columbia) | Ficus daphnogenoides (31883 32029 32031 32096 32097 35005 35006) Ficus sp. (31912) Ficus sp., Ficus daphnogenoides (35010) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | USA (Wyoming) | Ficus Fremontii, Ficus sp. (31187) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | Canada (Alberta) | Ficus daphnogenoides (31885) | |
Middle Cenomanian - Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Utah) | Ficus daphnogenoides (103148) | |
Coniacian - Campanian | USA (New Mexico) | Ficus planicostata (24182) | |
Late/Upper Coniacian - Santonian | USA (Georgia) | Ficus ovatifolia (28321) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | Canada (Alberta) | Ficus trinervis (35083) | |
Campanian | USA (South Carolina) | Ficus atavina, Ficus celtifolius, Ficus crassipes, Ficus krausiana, Ficus stephensoni (210091) Ficus atavina, Ficus crassipes, Ficus krausiana (210092) Ficus crasipes, Ficus stephensoni (210094) Ficus crassipes (182933) Ficus crassipes, Ficus krausiana (210093) Ficus krausiana (212235 212237) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Mexico) | Ficus trineruis, Ficus baueri, Ficus crossii, Ficus planicostata (34975) Ficus trinervus, Ficus planicostata (24180) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (Georgia) | Ficus georgiana (212693) | |
Lancian | USA (Colorado) | Ficus planicostata (31956 31957) | |
Lancian | USA (Wyoming) | Ficus paryearensis, Ficus planicostata, Ficus rockvalensis (14514) | |
Lancian | USA (North Dakota) | Ficus planicostata (25501 25911 25912 25914 25915 25918 25920 25922 25923 48184 48185 48191 48192 48195 48201 48204 48272 48273) |