PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Violales

Angiospermae - Violales

Taxonomy

Violales is an order.

It was assigned to Dilleniidae by Mabberley (2000); and to Eudicots by Jud (2011).

Subtaxa

Echinocarpeopsis, Elaeocarpeopsis, Exechinocarpus (syn. Echinocarpus), Flacourtiaceae, Hoplestigmataceae, Malesherbiaceae, Plagiopteraceae, Scyphostegiaceae, Turneraceae

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
2000	Violales Mabberley
2011	Violales Jud

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Plantae
phylum	Spermatophyta
class	Angiospermae
—	Mesangiosperms

Rank	Name	Author
—	Eudicots	Doyle and Hotton 1991
order	Violales
order	Violales

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. †Violales

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G. †Echinocarpeopsis Langeron 1900

†Echinocarpeopsis fastigata Langeron 1900

G. †Elaeocarpeopsis Langeron 1900

†Elaeocarpeopsis decora Langeron 1900

G. †Exechinocarpus Dayal 1965

Invalid names: Echinocarpus Emmons 1857 [replaced]

Fm. Flacourtiaceae Richard and Candolle 1824

G. †Aherniaephyllum Rasky 1960

†Aherniaephyllum kraeuseli Rasky 1960

G. Alsodeia Thouars

†Alsodeia palaeoechinocarpa Antal and Prasad 1998

†Alsodeia palaeoracemosa Antal and Prasad 1997

†Alsodeia palaeozeylanica Antal and Awasthi 1993

G. †Aphloioxylon Mathiesen 1961

†Aphloioxylon groenlandicum Mathiesen 1961

G. †Banaraphyllum Berry 1937

†Banaraphyllum ovatum Berry 1937

G. Carrierea Franchet 1896

Carrierea calycina Franchet 1896

G. Casearia Jacquin 1760

†Casearia pretomentosa Antal and Awasthi 1993

G. †Caseariaephyllum Rasky 1960

†Caseariaephyllum kraeuseli Rasky 1960

G. †Centroplacophyllum Rasky 1965

†Centroplacophyllum palaeoglaucinum Rasky 1965

G. †Erythrospermophyllum Rasky 1965

†Erythrospermophyllum ipolytarnocense Rasky 1965

G. Flacourtia Commerson 1786

†Flacourtia koilabasensis Prasad and Dwivedi 2008

†Flacourtia nepalensis Awasthi and Prasad 1990

†Flacourtia seriaensis Prasad et al. 1997

†Flacourtia tertiara Prasad and Awasthi 1996

G. †Flacourtiaites Nambudiri 1966

†Flacourtiaites intertrappeum Nambudiri 1966

G. †Flacourtioxylon Trivedi and Srivastava 1986

†Flacourtioxylon mohgaonense Trivedi and Srivastava 1986

G. Gynocardia Roxburgh 1819

†Gynocardia butwalensis Konomatsu and Awasthi 1999

†Gynocardia mioodorata Prasad et al. 2004

G. †Homalioxylon Prakash and Tripathi 1974

†Homalioxylon assamicum Prakash and Tripathi 1974

†Homalioxylon mandlaense Bande 1974

Invalid names: Homalioxylon parapaniense Trivedi and Srivastava 1981 [nomen nudum]

G. †Hydnocarpophyllum Rasky 1960

†Hydnocarpophyllum krauseli Rasky 1960

G. †Hydnocarpoxylon Bande and Khatri 1980

†Hydnocarpoxylon indicum Bande and Khatri 1980

G. †Hydnocarpus Gaertner

†Hydnocarpus chorkholaensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996

†Hydnocarpus palaeokurzii Antal and Awasthi 1993

†Hydnocarpus siwalicus Prasad and Awasthi 1996

G. †Oncoba Forsskål

†Oncoba rugosa Chandler 1962

†Oncoba variabilis Bowerbank 1840

G. †Pangioxylon Trivedi and Srivastava 1982

†Pangioxylon mohgaoense Trivedi and Srivastava 1982

G. Ryparosa Blume 1826

†Ryparosa prekunstelri Prasad 1990

G. Soymida de Jussieu 1830

G. †Thiebaudia Chandler 1954

†Thiebaudia rayaniensis Chandler 1954

G. †Trimeriaephyllum Rasky 1962

†Trimeriaephyllum hungaricum Rasky 1962

G. Uncobia Prasad 1994

†Uncobia palaeospinosa Prasad 1994

G. Xylosma Forster 1786 [brushholly]

†Xylosma nepalensis Prasad and Pandey 2008

Invalid names: Hoplestigmataceae Gilg [empty], Malesherbiaceae Don [empty], Plagiopteraceae Airy Shaw [empty], Scyphostegiaceae Hutchinson [empty], Turneraceae de Candolle [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Diet:

"photoautotroph"p

Created:

2011-07-22 00:04:15

Modified:

2011-07-21 09:04:15

Source: p = phylum

Reference: Kiessling 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lancian to the top of the Calabrian or 70.60000 to 0.77400 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (42 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Lancian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (North Dakota)	Flacourtiaceae FU049 (25468) Flacourtiaceae FU074 (25437) Flacourtiaceae FU49 (48293)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (North Dakota)	Flacourtiaceae FU049 (25010) Flacourtiaceae FU074 (25440 25469)
Early/Lower Paleocene	66.0 - 61.7	USA (North Dakota)	Flacourtiaceae FU049, Flacourtiaceae FU074 (129230)
Danian	66.0 - 61.6	Argentina (Chubut)	Banaraphyllum ovatum (133752 133753)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	Belgium	Thiebaudia minor (34037)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	Netherlands	Thiebaudia minor (33998 34002)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Banaraphyllum ovatum (167857)
Paleogene	66.0 - 23.03	India (Madhya Pradesh)	Flacourtiaites intertrappeum, Flacourtioxylon mohgaonense, Pangioxylon mohgaoense (224606) Homalioxylon mandlaense, Hydnocarpoxylon indicum, Homalioxylon parapaniense (227809)
Thanetian	59.2 - 56.0	United Kingdom (England)	Oncoba variabilis (23315)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	United Kingdom (England)	Cucumites variabilis (22811) Echinocarpus priscus, Oncoba variabilis (22806) Oncoba rugosa (23397) Oncoba variabilis (21249)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	Japan (Yamaguchi)	Xylosma eoapactis (24466 24481)
Graybullian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (Wyoming)	Flacourtiaceae sp.1 (11395) Flacourtiaceae sp.3 (11360 11448)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (Wyoming)	Flacourtiaceae sp.3 (11390)
Early/Lower Eocene	55.8 - 48.6	USA (Wyoming)	Flacourtiaceae sp.3 (11393)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	United Kingdom (England)	Oncoba rugosa (24106)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	United Kingdom (England)	Oncoba rugosa (24109)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Germany (Bavaria)	Oncoba variabilis (10703 10963)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Germany	Oncoba variabilis (124431)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Nepal	Gynocardia mioodorata, Flacourtia seriaensis, Flacourtia koilabasensis, Ryparosa prekunstelri (222898)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	India (West Bengal)	Alsodeia palaeozeylanica (223486) Hydnocarpus palaeokurzii, Casearia pretomentosa (223488)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	Nepal	Xylosma nepalensis, Flacourtia nepalensis, Flacourtia tertiara, Hydnocarpus siwalicus, Hydnocarpus chorkholaensis (222975)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	China (Shandong)	Carrierea calycina (223803)
Middle Miocene	15.97 - 11.608	India (Uttarakhand)	Gynocardia mioodorata, Hydnocarpus palaeokurzii, Uncobia palaeospinosa (222797)
Middle Miocene	15.97 - 11.608	Bhutan	Gynocardia mioodorata (223595)
Middle Miocene	15.97 - 11.608	Nepal	Gynocardia butwalensis (223317)
Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene	15.97 - 5.333	India (Assam)	Homalioxylon assamicum (224623)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Tanzania	Flacourtiaceae indet. (22337)