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Gentianales
Discussion
Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Taxonomy
Gentianales was named by Berchtold and Presl (1820). It is extant.
It was assigned to Dicotyledones by Knowlton (1919); to Asteridae by Mabberley (2000); to Lamids by Taylor et al. (2008); to Eudicots by Jud (2011); and to Lamiids by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016).
It was assigned to Dicotyledones by Knowlton (1919); to Asteridae by Mabberley (2000); to Lamids by Taylor et al. (2008); to Eudicots by Jud (2011); and to Lamiids by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016).
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1820 | Gentianales Berchtold and Presl p. 248 |
1919 | Gentianales Knowlton |
2000 | Gentianales Mabberley |
2008 | Gentianales Taylor et al. p. 1030 |
2011 | Gentianales Jud |
2016 | Gentianales The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Gentianales Berchtold and Presl 1820
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Fm. Apocynaceae de Jussieu 1789 [dogbane]
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G. Alstonia Brown 1810
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†Alstonia mioscholaris Antal and Awasthi 1993
†Alstonia nepalensis Prasad and Dwivedi 2007
G. †Apocynophyllum Unger 1850
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†Apocynophyllum constrictum Berry 1916
†Apocynophyllum lanceolatum Unger 1850
†Apocynophyllum lesquereuxii Ettingshausen 1883
†Apocynophyllum linifolium Knowlton 1917
†Apocynophyllum mississippiensis Berry 1916
†Apocynophyllum pealii Ettingshausen 1883
†Apocynophyllum sapindifolium Hollick 1899
†Apocynophyllum scudderi Lesquereux 1883
†Apocynophyllum seyfriedii Braun 1850
†Apocynophyllum sordidum Lesquereux 1891
†Apocynophyllum tabellarum Lesquereux 1869
†Apocynophyllum wilcoxensis Berry 1916
G. †Apocynospermum Reid and Chandler 1926
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†Apocynospermum acutiforme Chandler 1962
†Apocynospermum lakense Chandler 1961
†Apocynospermum striatum Reid and Chandler 1926
G. †Cricotriporites Leidelmeyer 1966
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†Cricotriporites camerounensis Salard-Cheboldaeff 1978
†Cricotriporites elongatoporus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
†Cricotriporites fragilis van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1966
†Cricotriporites guianensis Leidelmeyer 1966
†Cricotriporites macroporus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
†Cricotriporites minutiporus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
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Invalid names: Triorites minutipori Müller 1968 [synonym]
†Cricotriporites operculatus van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1966
G. †Echitonium Unger 1839
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†Echitonium lanceolatum Ettingshausen 1883
†Echitonium sophiae Weber 1852
†Echitonium superstes Unger 1839
G. Hemidesmus Brown 1810
G. Landolphia de Beauvois
G. Rauvolfia Linnaeus
G. †Tabernaemontana Linnaeus
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†Tabernaemontana chrysophylloides Lesquereux 1878
†Tabernaemontana precoronaria Prasad 1990
G. †Tabernaemontanophyllum Geyler 1887
G. Wrightia Brown 1810
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†Wrightia palaeotinctoria Prasad and Awasthi 1996
†Wrightia siwalica Prasad 1994
Invalid names: Apocynaceoxylon Chitaley et al. 1970 [nomen nudum], Asclepiadaceae Borkhausen [synonym], Plumieroideae Schumann [empty]
Fm. Gentianaceae de Jussieu 1789 [gentian]
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G. Fagraea Thunberg 1782
G. Gentiana Linnaeus 1753
G. Nymphoides Séguier 1754
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Nymphoides indica Kuntze 1892
Invalid names: Limnanthemum Gmelin 1769 [synonym]
G. †Voyrioseminites Trivedi and Chaturvedi 1972
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†Voyrioseminites magnus Trivedi and Chaturvedi 1972
Fm. Rubiaceae Jussieu 1789 [coffee]
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G. Asperula Linnaeus 1753 [woodruff]
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Asperula arvensis Linnaeus 1753
Asperula cynanchica Linnaeus 1753
Asperula odorata Linnaeus 1753
Asperula pyrenaica Linnaeus 1753
Asperula taurina Linnaeus 1753
Asperula tinctoria Linnaeus 1753
G. Cephalanthus Linnaeus 1753
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Cephalanthus occidentalis Linnaeus 1753
Cephalanthus orientalis Linnaeus 1753
G. †Cinchonidium Unger 1850
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†Cinchonidium copeanum Lesquereux 1873
†Cinchonidium ovale Lesquereux 1883
†Cinchonidium racemosum Unger 1850
†Cinchonidium turneri Knowlton 1901
G. Galium Linnaeus 1753 [bedstraw]
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Galium aparine Linnaeus 1753
Galium bermudense Linnaeus 1753
Galium boreale Linnaeus 1753
Galium glaucum Linnaeus 1753
Galium minutum Linnaeus 1753
Galium mollugo Linnaeus 1753
Galium palustre Linnaeus 1753
Galium parisiense Linnaeus 1753
Galium purpureum Linnaeus 1753
Galium pusillum Linnaeus 1753
Galium rotundifolium Linnaeus 1753
Galium rubioides Linnaeus 1753
Galium rubrum Linnaeus 1753
Galium saxatile Linnaeus 1753
Galium scabrum Linnaeus 1753
Galium spurium Linnaeus 1753
Galium tinctorium Linnaeus 1753
Galium trifidum Linnaeus 1753
Galium uliginosum Linnaeus 1753
Galium verum Linnaeus 1753
G. Gardenia Ellis 1761
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†Gardenia nainitalensis Prasad 1994
†Gardenia palaeoturgida Lakhanpal and Awasthi 1984
G. Guettarda Linnaeus 1753 [velvetseed]
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†Guettarda cookei Berry 1921
†Guettarda ellipticifolia Berry 1916
G. Hamiltonia Roxburgh 1806
G. Hodgkinsonia Mueller 1861
G. Ixora Linnaeus 1753 [West Indian jasmine]
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Ixora coccinea Linnaeus 1753
†Ixora purniyagiriensis Prasad et al. 2017
G. Mussaenda Linnaeus 1753
G. Nertera Banks et al. 1788
G. Oldenlandia Linnaeus 1753
G. Ophiorrhiza Linnaeus
G. †Palaeocoprosmadites Ramanujam 1966
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†Palaeocoprosmadites arcotense Ramanujam 1966
†Palaeocoprosmadites zelandiae Pocknall 1982
G. Psychotria Linnaeus 1753
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†Psychotria eogenica Berry 1929
†Psychotria grandifolia Engelhardt 1891
G. Randia Linnaeus 1753 [indigoberry]
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†Randia miouncaria Prasad and Dwivedi 2007
†Randia miowallichii Prasad 1990
†Randia palaeofasciculata Prasad and Awasthi 1996
†Randia tanakpurensis Prasad et al. 2017
G. Rubia Linnaeus 1753 [madder]
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Rubia cordifolia Linnaeus 1768
Rubia peregrina Linnaeus 1753
Rubia tinctorum Linnaeus 1753
G. †Rubiaceocarpum Kraeusel 1939
G. Spermacoce Linnaeus 1753 [false buttonweed]
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Spermacoce hispida Linnaeus 1753
Spermacoce tenuior Linnaeus 1753
Spermacoce verticillata Linnaeus 1753
G. Wendlandia Bartling 1830
Invalid names: Geniostomaceae Struwe and Albert [empty], Strychnaceae Perleb [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: p = phylum | |||||
Reference: Kiessling 2009 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Maastrichtian to the top of the Holocene or 72.10000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Collections (271 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Late/Upper Cretaceous - Early/Lower Paleocene | Argentina (Chubut) | Cricotriporites minutiporus (195707) | |
Maastrichtian | Argentina (Chubut) | Cricotriporites minutiporus (31653 199410) | |
Danian | Argentina (Chubut) | Cricotriporites sp. (151453 151455 151456 151458 151460 151463) | |
Paleocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Rubiaceae indet. (71074) | |
Paleocene | China (Xinjiang) | Mussaenda altalobaphylla (223851) | |
Paleocene | USA (Colorado) | Apocynophyllum lesquereuxi (43415 52823 52932) | |
Paleogene | India (Madhya Pradesh) | Apocynaceoxylon mohgaoense (224606) | |
Tertiary | Dominican Republic (Samana) | Guettardia cookei (31231) | |
Middle Paleocene - Late/Upper Paleocene | Colombia | Apocynaceae CJ13 (134513 134748 134750) | |
Thanetian | United Kingdom (England) | Apocynospermum lakense (23327) Jenkinsella apocynoides (23315) | |
Thanetian | United Kingdom (Surrey) | Jenkinsella apocynoides (23326) | |
Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Apocynophyllum sheppyense (22811) Apocynospermum lakense, Apocynospermum acutiforme (23398) Jenkinsella apocynoides (21246 22804 22806 22814) | |
Ypresian | France (Oise) | Apocynaceae indet. (68174) | |
Eocene | India (Meghalaya) | Gentianaceaeformis indica, Paleorubiaceaepites psychotria (224681) | |
Lostcabinian | USA (Wyoming) | Apocynaceae sp. 1 (11484 11498) Apocynaceae sp.1 (11354) | |
Wasatchian | USA (Wyoming) | Apocynaceae RR17 (28135 28708 28718 28721 28731 28733 28734 28737 28738 28911) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | India (Gujarat) | Palaeocoprosmadites arcotense (224627) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Wyoming ) | Apocynaceae RR17 (129152) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | Colombia | Cricotriporites guianensis (28771 28772 29142) Cricotriporites guianensis, Cricotriporites macroporus (29080) Cricotriporites macroporus (28773) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Texas) | Apocynophyllum wilcoxense (98211) |