PBDB Taxon

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Monocotyledoneae

Angiospermae

Taxonomy

Monocotyledones was named as an unranked clade.

It was reranked as the subclass Monocotyledones by Knowlton (1919) and Knowlton (1926); it was reranked as the class Monocotyledones by Chandler (1978); it was reranked as the class Monocotyledonae by Shoshani et al. (1989); it was synonymized subjectively with Monocots by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016); it was reranked as the subclass Monocotyledoneae by Stockmans (1936), Chandler (1961), Ozaki (1974), Hickey (1977), Mabberley (2000), Jud (2011) and Puebla et al. (2019).

It was assigned to Angiospermae by Knowlton (1919) and Knowlton (1926); to Anthophyta by Shoshani et al. (1989); to Magnoliopsida by Jud (2011); and to Angiospermae by Stockmans (1936), MacGinitie (1941), Chandler (1961), Chandler (1962), Chandler (1963), Chandler (1964), Ozaki (1974), Hickey (1977), Chandler (1978), Mabberley (2000) and Puebla et al. (2019).

Sister taxa

Commelinacea

Synonyms

Monocotylorhizos was named by Yawale and Sakundarwar (1985). It is not extant. Its type is Monocotylorhizos acquatica.

It was considered a nomen nudum by Srivastava (1991).
Triloculaire was named by Chitaley and Patel (1974). It is not extant. Its type is Triloculaire lakhanpalii.

It was considered a nomen nudum by Srivastava (1991).
Triloculocarpon was named by Kapgate and Sheikh (1988). It is not extant. Its type is Triloculocarpon mahabalei.

It was considered a nomen nudum by Srivastava (1991).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1919	Monocotyledones Knowlton
1926	Monocotyledones Knowlton
1936	Monocotyledoneae Stockmans p. 26
1941	Monocotyledones MacGinitie
1961	Monocotyledoneae Chandler p. 62
1962	Monocotyledones Chandler p. 158
1963	Monocotyledones Chandler p. 60
1964	Monocotyledones Chandler p. 97
1974	Triloculaire Chitaley and Patel
1974	Monocotyledoneae Ozaki
1977	Monocotyledoneae Hickey
1978	Monocotyledones Chandler p. 14
1985	Monocotylorhizos Yawale and Sakundarwar
1988	Triloculocarpon Kapgate and Sheikh
1989	Monocotyledonae Shoshani et al. p. 434
2000	Monocotyledoneae Mabberley
2003	Monocotyledonae Sims
2011	Monocotyledoneae Jud
2019	Monocotyledoneae Puebla et al. p. 3

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Plantae
phylum	Spermatophyta
class	Angiospermae

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Monocotyledoneae
subclass	Monocotyledoneae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subcl. †Monocotyledoneae

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Or. †Alismales

Fm. †Alismaceae

G. Alisma Linnaeus 1753 [water-plantain]

Alisma plantago Linnaeus 1753

G. †Alismacites Saporta 1862

†Alismacites dakotensis Lesquereux 1891

†Alismacites lancifolius Saporta 1862

G. †Alismaphyllites Knowlton 1917

†Alismaphyllites crassifolium Knowlton 1917

G. †Alismaphyllum Berry 1911

†Alismaphyllum victormasoni Ward 1911

G. †Radimskya Ettingshausen 1890

†Radimskya trinervia Ettingshausen 1890

G. Sagittaria Linnaeus 1753

†Sagittaria megasperma Brown 1962

†Sagittaria pulchella Heer 1869

†Sagittaria victormasoni Ward 1911

Or. Alismatales Brown 1820

Fm. †Alismataceae Ventenat 1799

G. †Alismataceaepites Biswas 1962

†Alismataceaepites rogalskae Biswas 1962

G. †Sagisma Nikitin 1965

†Sagisma turgida Nikitin 1965

Fm. †Cymodoceaceae Taylor 1895

G. Amphibolis Agardh 1823

Amphibolis antarctica Labill 1806

Amphibolis zosteraefolia Agardh 1823

G. Cymodocea

Cymodocea aequorea Konig 1805

Cymodocea angustata Ostenfeld 1916

†Cymodocea floridana Lumbert et al. 1984

Cymodocea maior Cavolini 1792

†Cymodocea maior altior Ruggieri 1952

†Cymodocea nodosa Bronignart 1822

Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb and Hempr 1870

Cymodocea serrulata Aschers and Magnus 1870

Invalid names: Corallinites micheloti Watelet 1866 [synonym]

G. Halodule Endlicher 1841

Halodule beaudettei den Hartog 1964

Halodule bermudensis den Hartog 1964

Halodule ciliata den Hartog 1964

Halodule tridentata Steinheil 1838

Halodule uninvervis Aschers 1882

Halodule wrightii Aschers 1868

G. Syringodium Kutzing 1860

Syringodium filiforme Kutzing 1860

Syringodium isoetifolium Aschers 1868

G. †Thalassodendron den Hartog 1970

†Thalassodendron auriculaleporis Lumbert et al. 1984

Thalassodendron ciliata Forskal 1775

Thalassodendron pachyrhizum den Hartog 1970

Fm. Hydrocharitaceae de Jussieu 1789

G. Elodea Michaux 1803 [waterweed]

Elodea canadensis Michaux 1803

G. Enhalus Richard 1812

Enhalus acoroides Linnaeus 1840

Enhalus koenigi Richard 1812

G. †Eotrapa Miki 1961

†Eotrapa tetrasepalum Miki 1959

G. Halophila Thouars 1806

Halophila baillonis Ascherson 1874

Halophila beccarii Axcherson 1871

Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld 1902

Halophila engelmanni Ascherson 1875

Halophila madagascariensis Steudel 1840

Halophila ovalis Tasman 1858

Halophila ovata Gaud 1827

Halophila spinulosa Ascherson 1875

Halophila stipulacea Ascherson 1867

G. Hydrocharis Linnaeus

G. †Hydrocharites Weber 1855

†Hydrocharites obcordatus Weber 1855

G. Ottelia Persoon 1805

†Ottelia americana Lesquereux 1874

G. Stratiotes Linnaeus 1753

†Stratiotes acuticostatus Chandler 1963

†Stratiotes hantonensis Chandler 1960

†Stratiotes minutissimus Chandler 1963

G. †Stratiotites Heer 1855

†Stratiotites najadum Heer 1855

G. †Thalassia Banks

Thalassia hemprichii Ehrenb 1871

†Thalassia testudinum Banks 1805

G. †Thalassites Benzecry and Brack-Hanes 2008

†Thalassites parkavonenses Benzecry and Brack-Hanes 2008

Invalid names: Halophiloideae [empty], Thalassioideae [empty], Vallisnerioideae [empty]

Fm. †Juncaginaceae Richard 1808

G. †Laharpia Heer 1859

†Laharpia umbellata Heer 1859

G. †Lamprocarpites Heer 1882

†Lamprocarpites nitidus Heer 1882

G. Triglochin Linnaeus 1753 [arrowgrass]

G. †Pennipollis Friis 2000

†Pennipollis peroreticulatus Friis et al. 2000

†Pennipollis reticulatus Friis et al. 2010

Fm. Posidoniaceae Hutchinson 1895

G. †Posidocea Gregor 1991

†Posidocea frickhingeri Gregor 1991

G. Posidonia Konig 1805

Posidonia australis Hook 1858

Posidonia caulini Konig 1805

†Posidonia cretacea Hosius and Von der Marck 1880

Posidonia oceanica Linnaeus 1758

Posidonia ostenfeldii den Hartog 1970

Invalid names: Caulinites Brongniart 1828 [synonym]

Fm. Potamogetonaceae Reichenbach 1823 [pondweed]

G. †Baibiancarpus Gandolfo et al. 2009

†Baibiancarpus chubutensis Gandolfo et al. 2009

G. †Palaeopotamogeton Knowlton 1916

†Palaeopotamogeton florissanti Knowlton 1916

G. Potamogeton Linnaeus 1753

†Potamogeton geniculatus Braun 1845

†Potamogeton megaphyllus Berry 1914

†Potamogeton middendorfensis Berry 1914

Potamogeton natans Linnaeus 1753

†Potamogeton parva Brown 1940

Potamogeton pectinatus Linnaeus 1753

Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus 1753

Potamogeton pusillus Linnaeus 1753

†Potamogeton pygmaeus Chandler 1925

Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes 1896

Potamogeton rutilus Wolfgang 1885

†Potamogeton verticillatus Lesquereux 1883

G. †Potamogetonaceaepites Biswas 1962

†Potamogetonaceaepites pramathi Biswas 1962

G. †Potamogetonacecarpum Walther 1967

†Potamogetonacecarpum magnum Walther 1967

G. †Potamogetophyllum Fontaine 1905

†Potamogetophyllum vernonensis Fontaine 1905

Fm. Ruppiaceae Horaninow 1834 [widgeonweed]

G. Ruppia Linnaeus 1753

Ruppia maritima Linnaeus 1758

G. †Thalassocharis Debey 1850

†Thalassocharis bosqueti Debey 1850

Fm. †Zannichelliaceae Chevallier

G. Lepilaena Drummond 1855

Lepilaena australis Drummond 1855

G. Zannichellia Linnaeus 1753 [horned pondweed]

Zannichellia palustris Linnaeus 1753

Fm. Zosteraceae Dumortier 1829

G. †Archaeozostera Koriba and Miki 1931

†Archaeozostera aungustifolia Koriba and Miki 1931

†Archaeozostera brevifolia Koriba and Miki 1931

†Archaeozostera longifolia Koriba and Miki 1931

†Archaeozostera minor Koriba and Miki 1931

†Archaeozostera pinnata Koriba and Miki 1931

†Archaeozostera simplex Koriba and Miki 1931

Invalid names: Archeozostera Koriba and Miki 1958 [objective synonym]

G. Phyllospadix Hooker 1838

Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino 1931

Phyllospadix japonicus Makino 1897

Phyllospadix scouleri Hooker 1838

Phyllospadix serrulatus Rupr 1868

Phyllospadix torreyi Watson 1879

Invalid names: Aponogetonaceae Agardh 1856 [empty], Butomaceae de Mirbel 1804 [empty], Maundiaceae Nakai [empty], Scheuchzeriaceae Rudolphi 1830 [empty], Tofieldiaceae Takhtajan 1995 [empty]

Or. †Arales

Fm. Lemnaceae Gray [duckweed]

G. Lemna Linnaeus 1753 [duckweed]

†Lemna bullata Lesquereux 1875

†Lemna scutata Dawson 1875

G. †Lemnaceaepites Biswas 1962

†Lemnaceaepites austinii Biswas 1962

G. †Limnobiophyllum Krassilov 1976

†Limnobiophyllum scutatum Dawson 1875

G. Spirodela Schleiden 1839

†Spirodela penicillata Lesquereux 1883

Subcl. †Arecidae

Invalid names: Cyclanthales [empty]

G. Arundo Linnaeus 1753

Arundo arenaria Linnaeus 1753

Arundo bambos Linnaeus 1753

Arundo calamagrostis Linnaeus 1753

Arundo donax Linnaeus 1753

Arundo epigejos Linnaeus 1753

†Arundo goepperti Münster 1871

†Arundo groenlandica Heer 1874

†Arundo obtusa Lesquereux 1875

Arundo phragmites Linnaeus 1753

†Arundo pseudogoepperti Berry 1914

†Arundo reperta Lesquereux 1875

Fm. Commelinacea Linnaeus 1758

G. Pollia Thunb 1781

Subcl. †Commelinidae

Or. †Typhales

Fm. †Sparganiaceae Hanin

G. †Sparganilithes Woodward 1879

†Sparganilithes gemmatus Woodward 1879

G. †Sparganiocarpus Velenovsky and Viniklar 1929

†Sparganiocarpus terminalis Velenovsky and Viniklar 1929

G. Sparganium Linnaeus 1753 [bur-reed]

†Sparganium antiquum Berry 1924

†Sparganium parvum Hickey 1977

†Sparganium stygium Heer 1855

Invalid names: Cyperales [empty], Eriocaulales Mabberley 2000 [empty], Hydatellales [empty], Juncales [empty], Restionales [empty]

G. †Deccananthus Chitaley and Kate 1974

†Deccananthus savitrii Chitaley and Kate 1974

G. †Doryanthites Berry 1914

†Doryanthites cretacea Berry 1914

G. †Dracaenites Saporta 1861

†Dracaenites sepultus Saporta 1861

G. †Festucophyllites Patil and Singh 1984

†Festucophyllites intertrappeaense Patil and Singh 1984

G. †Florentinites Spegazzini 1924

†Florentinites arcuta Spegazzini 1924

Or. †Glumiflorae

G. †Alternicutis Schneider 1969

†Alternicutis gibba Schneider 1969

Or. †Graminales

G. †Levicutis Roselt and Schneider 1969

†Levicutis complitata Roselt and Schneider 1969

G. †Poodeites Straus 1969

†Poodeites hercynicus Straus 1969

G. †Halocharis Miquel 1853

†Halocharis longifolia Miquel 1853

Or. †Helobiae

G. †Frimmersdorfia Weyland 1959

†Frimmersdorfia natans Weyland 1959

G. †Marcoduria Weyland 1957

†Marcoduria inopinata Weyland 1957

G. †Wackersdorfia Peters 1963

†Wackersdorfia dubia Peters 1963

G. †Hypoglossidium Heer 1874

†Hypoglossidium antiquum Heer 1874

G. †Isselia Squinabol 1891

†Isselia primaeva Squinabol 1891

Subcl. †Liliidae

Or. †Haemodorales

Invalid names: Pentastemonaceae Duyfjes [empty], Taccaceae von Berchtold and Presl [empty]

Invalid names: Orchidales [empty], Velloziales [empty]

G. †Microrrhagion Ettingshausen 1883

†Microrrhagion liversidgei Ettingshausen 1883

G. †Monocotylophyllum Reid and Chandler 1926

G. †Monocotylostrobus Lakhanpal et al. 1982

†Monocotylostrobus bracteatus Lakhanpal et al. 1982

G. †Monoporites Cookson 1947

†Monoporites annulatus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001

†Monoporites annuloides González-Guzmán 1967

†Monoporites subreticulata Cookson 1947

G. †Monosulcites Cookson and Couper 1953

Subg. †Monosulcites (Palmidites) Couper 1953

†Monosulcites (Palmidites) media Chitaley 1951

†Monosulcites (Palmidites) minima Chitaley 1951

†Monosulcites (Palmidites) spinosa Chitaley 1951

†Monosulcites borassioides Dutta and Sah 1970

†Monosulcites chaloneri Brenner 1963

†Monosulcites couperi Sukh-Dev 1961

†Monosulcites epakros Brenner 1963

†Monosulcites glottus Brenner 1963

†Monosulcites granulatus Couper 1960

†Monosulcites kashmiriensis Ghosh and Lukose 1967

†Monosulcites magnosagenatus van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964

†Monosulcites magnus Dutta and Sah 1970

†Monosulcites major Kemp 1970

†Monosulcites maxima Cookson 1947

†Monosulcites minima Cookson 1947

†Monosulcites minimus Cookson 1947

†Monosulcites minutiscabratus McIntyre 1968

†Monosulcites neyveliense Ramanujam 1966

†Monosulcites ovatus Sah and Kar 1970

†Monosulcites parvus Potonié and Sah 1960

†Monosulcites perspinosus Couper 1953

†Monosulcites planus Dutta and Sah 1970

†Monosulcites pseudospinosus Freile 1972

†Monosulcites scabrus Brenner 1963

†Monosulcites spinosus Brenner 1963

†Monosulcites subgranulosus Couper 1958

Or. Najadales

Fm. †Najadaceae de Jussieu

G. †Najadonium Ettingshausen 1872

†Najadonium longifolium Ettingshausen 1872

G. †Najadopsis Heer 1855

†Najadopsis dichotoma Heer 1855

†Najadopsis rugulosa Lesquereux 1883

G. Zostera Linnaeus 1753 [marine eelgrass]

Subg. Zostera (Heterozostera) Setchell 1935

Heterozostera chilensis Kuo 2005

Heterozostera nigricaulis Kuo 2005

Heterozostera polychlamys Kuo 2005

Heterozostera tasmanica Martens 1867

Subg. Zostera (Zostera) Miki 1933

Subg. Zostera (Zosterella) Aschers 1868

Zostera (Zosterella) americana den Hartog 1970

Zostera (Zosterella) capensis Setchell 1933

Zostera (Zosterella) capricorni Aschers 1876

Zostera (Zosterella) mucronata den Hartog 1970

Zostera (Zosterella) muelleri Irmisch 1868

Zostera asiatica Miki 1933

Zostera caespitosa Miki 1933

Zostera caulescens Miki 1933

Zostera japonica Aschers and Graebn 1907

†Zostera kiewiensis Schmalhausen 1883

Zostera marina Linnaeus 1753

Zostera novazelandica Setchell 1933

Fm. Vallisneriaceae

G. Limnobium Richard 1811

†Limnobium obliteratum Cockerell 1908

G. Philotria Rafinesque 1818

G. Vallisneria Linnaeus 1753 [eelgrass]

Vallisneria spiralis Linnaeus 1753

G. †Palmoidopteris Boureau 1954

†Palmoidopteris lapparenti Boureau 1954

G. †Pandanites Tuzson 1914

†Pandanites acutidens Tuzson 1914

G. †Phylladelphia Bronn 1858

†Phylladelphia strigata Bronn 1858

G. †Phyllotaenia Saporta 1894

†Phyllotaenia demersa Saporta 1894

G. †Podostachys Marion 1872

†Podostachys bureauana Marion 1872

G. †Ravenalospermum Saporta 1894

†Ravenalospermum invertissimum Saporta 1894

G. †Restioniidites Elsik 1968

†Restioniidites pascualii Archangelsky 1973

G. †Sabalpollenites Thiergart 1938

Or. †Scitamineae

G. †Donacites Cziffery-Szilagyi 1955

†Donacites erdobenyensis Cziffrey-Szilagyi 1955

G. †Musoxylon Meschinelli and Squinabol 1893

†Musoxylon antracotherii Massalongo 1893

G. †Palaeothalia Squinabol 1892

†Palaeothalia sanctaejustinae Squinabol 1892

G. †Scitamineophyllum Weyland 1957

†Scitamineophyllum inflatum Weyland 1957

G. †Scitaminophyton Massalongo 1858

G. †Shuklanthus Verma 1958

†Shuklanthus superbum Verma 1958

G. †Stellatopollis Doyle 1976

†Stellatopollis araripensis Lima 1976

†Stellatopollis barghoorni Doyle 1975

†Stellatopollis barghoornii Doyle et al. 1975

†Stellatopollis dejaxii Ibrahim 2002

†Stellatopollis densiornatus Ward 1986

†Stellatopollis doylei Ibrahim 2002

†Stellatopollis dubius Jardiné and Magloire 1965

†Stellatopollis hughesii Penny 1986

†Stellatopollis largissimus Singh 1983

†Stellatopollis limai Ibrahim 2002

G. †Velamenorhizos Barlinge and Paradkar 1977

†Velamenorhizos intertrappeanum Barlinge and Paradkar 1977

G. †Viracarpon Sahni 1934

†Viracarpon chitaleyi Patil 1972

†Viracarpon elongatum Sahni 1944

†Viracarpon hexaspermum Sahni 1934

†Viracarpon sahnii Chitaley et al. 1969

Subcl. Zingiberidae

Invalid names: Bromeliales [empty]

G. †Zosterites Brongniart 1823

†Zosterites orbigniana Brongniart 1823

Invalid names: Monocotylorhizos Yawale and Sakundarwar 1985 [nomen nudum], Palmales [empty], Principes [empty], Scitaminales [empty], Spathiflorae [empty], Triloculaire Chitaley and Patel 1974 [nomen nudum], Triloculocarpon Kapgate and Sheikh 1988 [nomen nudum], Xyridales [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available