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Dilophosaurus wetherilli
Taxonomy
Megalosaurus wetherilli was named by Welles (1954). Its type specimen is UCMP 37302, a skeleton (scapula), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is UCMP V4214, Moa Ave, which is in a Sinemurian/Pliensbachian terrestrial shale/siltstone in the Kayenta Formation of Arizona.
It was misspelled as Dilophosaurus whetherilli by Ezcurra and Brusatte (2011), Ezcurra (2017) and Moro et al. (2020); it was recombined as Dilophosaurus wetherilli by Welles (1970), Welles (1972), Molnar (1974), Gauthier (1986), Paul (1988), Rowe (1989), Rowe and Gauthier (1990), Molnar (1991), Sanz et al. (1992), Paul (1993), Hu (1993), Osmólska (1996), Vickaryous and Ryan (1997), Rowe et al. (1997), Knoll et al. (1999), Naish (1999), Hurum (2001), Rauhut (2003), Tykoski and Rowe (2004), Carrano and Sampson (2004), Yates (2005), Gay (2005), Weems (2006), Lucas et al. (2006), Langer and Benton (2006), Weems (2006), Smith (2007), Sampson and Witmer (2007), Ezcurra (2007), Ezcurra and Cuny (2007), Bittencourt and Kellner (2009), Nesbitt et al. (2009), Langer et al. (2010), Petti et al. (2011), Carrano et al. (2012), Dalman (2012), Xing et al. (2014), Delsate and Ezcurra (2014), Nesbitt and Ezcurra (2015), White et al. (2015), Martill et al. (2016), Sciscio et al. (2017), Dal Sasso et al. (2018), Zahner and Brinkmann (2019), Yun (2019), Senter and Sullivan (2019), Marsh and Rowe (2020), Malafaia et al. (2020), Titus et al. (2021), Mateus and Estraviz-López (2022) and Zhang et al. (2023).
It was misspelled as Dilophosaurus whetherilli by Ezcurra and Brusatte (2011), Ezcurra (2017) and Moro et al. (2020); it was recombined as Dilophosaurus wetherilli by Welles (1970), Welles (1972), Molnar (1974), Gauthier (1986), Paul (1988), Rowe (1989), Rowe and Gauthier (1990), Molnar (1991), Sanz et al. (1992), Paul (1993), Hu (1993), Osmólska (1996), Vickaryous and Ryan (1997), Rowe et al. (1997), Knoll et al. (1999), Naish (1999), Hurum (2001), Rauhut (2003), Tykoski and Rowe (2004), Carrano and Sampson (2004), Yates (2005), Gay (2005), Weems (2006), Lucas et al. (2006), Langer and Benton (2006), Weems (2006), Smith (2007), Sampson and Witmer (2007), Ezcurra (2007), Ezcurra and Cuny (2007), Bittencourt and Kellner (2009), Nesbitt et al. (2009), Langer et al. (2010), Petti et al. (2011), Carrano et al. (2012), Dalman (2012), Xing et al. (2014), Delsate and Ezcurra (2014), Nesbitt and Ezcurra (2015), White et al. (2015), Martill et al. (2016), Sciscio et al. (2017), Dal Sasso et al. (2018), Zahner and Brinkmann (2019), Yun (2019), Senter and Sullivan (2019), Marsh and Rowe (2020), Malafaia et al. (2020), Titus et al. (2021), Mateus and Estraviz-López (2022) and Zhang et al. (2023).
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
---|---|
1954 | Megalosaurus wetherilli Welles p. 595 |
1970 | Megalosaurus wetherilli Steel pp. 35-36 |
1970 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Welles p. 989 |
1972 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Welles p. 8 |
1974 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Molnar p. 1011 |
1986 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Gauthier p. 9 |
1988 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Paul p. 268 |
1989 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Rowe p. 125 |
1990 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Rowe and Gauthier p. 152 |
1991 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Molnar p. 165 |
1992 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Sanz et al. p. 50 |
1993 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Hu p. 69 |
1993 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Paul p. 402 |
1996 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Osmólska p. 26 |
1997 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Rowe et al. p. 106 |
1997 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Vickaryous and Ryan p. 488 |
1999 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Knoll et al. p. 106 |
1999 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Naish p. 369 |
2001 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Hurum p. 39 |
2003 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Rauhut p. 19 |
2004 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Carrano and Sampson p. 552 |
2004 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Tykoski and Rowe p. 48 |
2005 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Gay p. 280 |
2005 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Yates p. 107 |
2006 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Langer and Benton p. 327 fig. 7 |
2006 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Lucas et al. p. 91 |
2006 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Weems p. 370 |
2007 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Ezcurra p. 186 |
2007 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Ezcurra and Cuny p. 78 fig. 6 |
2007 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Sampson and Witmer p. 38 |
2007 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Smith p. 104 |
2009 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Bittencourt and Kellner p. 8 |
2009 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Nesbitt et al. p. 1531 |
2010 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Langer et al. p. 91 |
2011 | Dilophosaurus whetherilli Ezcurra and Brusatte p. 766 |
2011 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Petti et al. p. 38 |
2012 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Carrano et al. p. 230 |
2012 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Dalman p. 340 |
2014 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Delsate and Ezcurra p. 177 |
2014 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Xing et al. p. 1653 |
2015 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Nesbitt and Ezcurra p. 516 |
2015 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli White et al. p. 3 |
2016 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Martill et al. p. 33 |
2017 | Dilophosaurus wehterilli Ezcurra p. 513 |
2017 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Sciscio et al. p. 23 |
2018 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Dal Sasso et al. p. 27 |
2019 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Senter and Sullivan p. 2 |
2019 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Yun p. 2 |
2019 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Zahner and Brinkmann p. 1146 |
2020 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Malafaia et al. p. 4 |
2020 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Marsh and Rowe pp. 6–7; 96–97 |
2020 | Dilophosaurus wetherelli Moro et al. |
2021 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Titus et al. p. 2 |
2022 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Mateus and Estraviz-López p. 6 |
2023 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli Zhang et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Dilophosaurus wetherilli Welles 1954
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Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
---|---|---|
M. T. Carrano et al. 2012 | Theropod with: (1) thin, paired nasolacrimal crests extending vertically from skull roof, each with fingerlike posterior projection (modified from Welles 1970); (2) lacrimal with thickened posterodorsal rim (Rauhut 2003); and (3) central ‘cap’ on cervical vertebral neural spines (modified from Welles 1970). | |
A. D. Marsh and T. B. Rowe 2020 | Dilophosaurus wetherilli is the only theropod dinosaur to have these skeletal features: a pair of nasolacrimal crests on the skull (Fig. 66), and each one is formed by a ridge starting on the dorsolateral margin of the nasal process of the premaxilla (only preserved in the paratype UCMP 37303 and referred specimen UCMP 77270); dorsolateral expansions of the nasal and lacrimal; and a posteriorly projecting process of the lacrimal (cited as apomorphic by Welles,1984 and Rauhut, 2003; Figs.3.1–3.6, 26.6–26.10, 36, 43.9, 43.10); a pyramidal process on the lateral surface of the surangular in front of the articulation with the quadrate (Figs. 5.1, 5.2, 38, 45.5, 45.6); the mandibular fenestra is reduced in anteroposterior length (best preserved in UCMP 77270; Figs. 5.1–5.4, 38); the dorsal margin of the neural spines of the post-axial cervical vertebrae are stepped in lateral view, forming anterior and posterior ‘shoulders’ and a taller, central ‘cap’ that is cruciform in dorsal view, especially in more posterior cervical vertebrae (especially evident in UCMP 77270 and cited as apomorphic by Welles, 1984 and Rauhut, 2003;Figs. 7, 9, 39, 63); serial variation (bifurcation and recombination) exists in the posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae of the cervical vertebrae (especially evident in UCMP 77270; Figs. 7, 9, 39, 62); accessory laminae emanate from the anterior centrodiapophyseal laminae and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae of the middle trunk vertebrae (also present in TMM 47006-1;Fig. 62); the first primordial sacral rib articulates with the preacetabular process of the ilium (Figs. 11, 40); an additional ‘horizontal buttress’ is present on the posteroventral portion of the coracoid next to the biceps tuber (also found in TMM 43646-1; Figs. 13.7, 13.8, 13.16, 13.18, 29.6–29.9, 29.14, 29.16, 29.17). Additionally, Dilophosaurus wetherilli exhibits a unique combination of character states: the posterior end of the jugal terminates posterior to the infratemporal fenestra (shared with Velociraptor mongoliensis Osborn,1924 in this matrix); the angle between the ascending process and longitudinal axis of jugal is <75° (shared with Eodromaeus murphi, Velociraptor mongoliensis, and coelophysids); ventral process of squamosal tapers ventrally (shared with coelophysids and Velociraptor mongoliensis); squamosal-quadratojugal contact absent (shared with coelophysids); angular extends farther posteriorly than surangular in the back of the jaw (shared with Zupaysaurus rougieri and Syntarsus kayentakatae); posterior pleurocoels on the lateral sides of the cervical centra (shared with coelophysoids and cited as apomorphic by Welles,1984); rounded distal expansion of trunk neural spines in lateral view (shared with Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis); first primordial sacral rib circular in lateral view (reversal to plesiomorphic state for Dinosauria); prezygapophyses of distal caudal vertebrae not elongate (shared with Chindesaurus bryansmalli and Syntarsus rhodesiensis); gastralia form extensive basket (reversal to plesiomorphic state for Dinosauria); scapula blade height less than three times its distal width (shared with Eodromaeus murphi); postacetabular process strongly expanded laterally (shared with coelophysids); dorsolateral trochanter of femur is rounded ridge (shared with Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, and some coelophysoids); mediolateral scar on the anterior surface of distal end of femur (shared with Eodromaeus murphi);deep fossa present on the medial surface of the proximal endof the fibula (shared with Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and some coelophysoids); astragalus and calcaneum not coossified to one another (reversal among neotheropods, shared with Allosaurus fragilis, but also may be ontogenetically variable in nonaverostran theropods; Griffin,2018; Griffin and Nesbitt, 2019); shallow fossa on the medial surface of the astragalus (shared with Camposaurus arizonensis, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, and Allosaurus fragilis). |