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Epitoniidae (wentletrap)

Gastropoda - Epitoniidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1853Scalidae Adams and A.
1904Scalidae Martin p. 212
1910Epitoniidae Berry
1938Epitoniidae Turner p. 80
1947Epitoniidae Harris and Palmer p. 235
1955Epitoniidae Allison p. 422
1957Epitoniidae Rivera p. 173
1964Epitoniidae Sohl p. 365
1970Epitoniidae Addicott p. 54
1980Epitoniidae Hickman p. 26
1984Epitoniidae Squires p. 21
1987Epitoniidae Ward and Blackwelder p. 131
1988Epitoniidae Ponder and Warén p. 303
1998Epitoniidae Beesley p. 814
2001Epitoniidae Todd
2001Epitoniidae Wienrich p. 447
2002Epitoniidae Harzhauser p. 93
2003Epitoniidae Squires and Saul p. 23
2004Epitoniidae Duerr p. 152
2005Epitoniidae Bouchet et al. p. 253
2010Epitoniidae Landau and Marques da Silva p. 61
2017Epitoniidae Bouchet et al. p. 343
2017Epitoniidae Cataldo p. 429
2024Epitoniidae Schnetler et al. p. 16

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
RankNameAuthor
phylumMollusca
classGastropoda
subclassCaenogastropoda(Cox 1959)
superfamilyEpitonioidea(Berry 1910)
familyEpitoniidaeBerry 1910
familyEpitoniidaeBerry 1910

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Epitoniidae Berry 1910 [wentletrap]
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G. †Aciculiscala Sohl 1963
+
†Aciculiscala acuta Sohl 1963
†Aciculiscala coffea Dockery 1993
†Aciculiscala jacobi Palmer 1937
G. Acirsa Mörch 1857 [wentletrap]
+
Subg. Acirsa (Acirsa) Mörch 1857
+
Subg. †Acirsa (Acirsella) de Boury 1886
+
†Acirsa (Acirsella) henryleai Price and Palmer 1928
†Acirsella effiae Willett 1939
Subg. †Acirsa (Hemiacirsa) de Boury 1890
+
†Acirsa alpha Squires and Saul 2003
†Acirsa beta Squires and Saul 2003
†Acirsa culmosa Sohl 1964
†Acirsa delta Squires and Saul 2003
†Acirsa epsilon Squires and Saul 2003
†Acirsa gravida Sohl 1964
†Acirsa nexilia White 1889
+
Invalid names: Mesostoma intermedium Whiteaves 1903 [synonym]
†Acirsa obtusa White 1889
†Acirsa penepolaris Wood 1872
Invalid names: Tumidiacirsa de Boury 1911 [synonym]
G. Alora Adams and Adams 1853
+
Alora gouldii Adams 1857
†Alora teresmonile DeVries 2007
Invalid names: Teramachiacirsa Kuroda and Ita 1961 [synonym]
G. Amaea Adams and Adams 1853
+
Subg. Amaea (Acrilloscala) Sacco 1890
Subg. Amaea (Amaea) Adams and Adams 1853
+
Subg. Amaea (Discoscala) Saccoa 1890
+
†Amaea cancellata Brocchi 1814
†Amaea cerva Squires and Saul 2003
†Amaea pentzia Squires and Saul 2003
†Amaea trifolia Squires and Saul 2003
G. †Belliscala Stephenson 1941
+
†Belliscala meta Squires and Saul 2003
†Belliscala petra Squires and Saul 2003
†Belliscala rockensis Stephenson 1941
†Belliscala suciense Squires and Saul 2003
G. Cerithiscala de Boury 1887
G. Cirsotrema Mörch 1852
+
Subg. †Cirsotrema (Plastiscala) Iredale 1936
Subg. †Cirsotrema (Propescala) Cotton 1931
Subg. †Cirsotrema (Rectacirsa) Iredale 1936
Subg. Cirsotrema (Tioria) Marwick 1928
†Cirsotrema crassicostatum Deshayes 1839
Cirsotrema dalli Rehder 1945
+
Invalid names: Cirsotrema (Cirsotremopsis) arcella Rehder 1945 [synonym]
†Cirsotrema dubiosa Eames 1952
†Cirsotrema fimbriosa Wood 1842
†Cirsotrema funiculus Wood 1872
†Cirsotrema gagei Maxwell 1978
†Cirsotrema hauniensis Schnetler 2001
†Cirsotrema preyoungi Iqbal 1980
†Cirsotrema tenuisculptum Whiteaves 1879
Cirsotrema togatum Hertlein and Strong 1951
Cirsotrema varicosa Lamarck 1822
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pasoense Anderson and Martin 1914
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoensis Anderson and Martin 1914
†Scala (Cirsotrema) subtenuilamella d'Archiac and Haime 1854
G. Clathroscala de Boury 1889
G. Clathrus Oken 1815
+
†Clathrus gajensis Vredenburg 1928
G. Claviscala DeBoury 1909
+
G. †Confusiscala de Boury 1909
+
†Confusiscala dupini d'Orbigny 1842
†Confusiscala juvenca Saul and Popenoe 1993
†Confusiscala newcombii Squires and Saul 2003
†Confusiscala sulfurea Saul and Popenoe 1993
G. †Crossotrema Cleevely 1980
G. †Dannevigena Iredale 1936
G. Eglisia Gray 1847
+
†Eglisia regularis Meyer 1886
G. †Epitomium
Subfm. †Epitoniinae Berry 1910
+
G. †Circuloscala de Boury 1886
G. Crebriscala de Boury 1909
G. Cylindriscala de Boury 1912
+
Invalid names: Torquatiscala de Boury 1912 [synonym]
G. Depressiscala de Boury 1909
+
G. Punctiscala de Boury 1890
G. †Striaticostatum Sohl 1963
+
†Striaticostatum bexarense Stephenson 1941
†Striaticostatum griffini Dockery 1993
†Striaticostatum pondi Stephenson 1941
G. Epitonium Bolten 1798
+
Subg. Epitonium (Acrilla) Adams and Adams 1860
+
†Acrilla affinis Deshayes 1861
†Acrilla procerus Zinsmeister 1983
†Acrilla unilineata Heilprin 1880
†Amaea (Acrilla) affinis Deshayes 1861
†Amaea (Acrilla) gallica de Boury 1887
†Amaea (Acrilla) issawii Abbass 1967
†Amaea (Acrilla) niloatica Oppenheim 1906
Subg. †Epitonium (Arctoscala) Dall 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Asperiscala) de Boury 1909
+
Epitonium (Asperiscala) cedrosensis Knight and Hertlein 1926
Epitonium (Asperiscala) dallasi Jordan and Herltein 1926
Subg. †Epitonium (Bifidoscala) Cossmann 1888
Subg. Epitonium (Cinctiscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. †Epitonium (Coniscala) de Boury 1887
Subg. Epitonium (Cycloscala) Dall 1889
+
Subg. Epitonium (Glabriscala) De Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Gyroscala) de Boury 1887
+
†Epitonium (Gyroscala) lycocephalum Kensley and Pether 1986
†Gyroscala punjabensis Eames 1952
Subg. Epitonium (Hirtoscala) Monterosato 1890
+
Hirtoscala caamanoi Dall and Bartsch 1910
Hirtoscala hindsii Carpenter 1856
+
Invalid names: Epitonium (Nitidiscala) contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein 1926 [synonym]
Hirtoscala indianorum Carpenter 1864
+
Invalid names: Epitonium (Crisposcala) acrostephanum Dall 1908 [synonym], Epitonium regum Dall 1917 [synonym]
Hirtoscala tincta Carpenter 1864
+
Invalid names: Epitonium (Nitidoscala) continuatum Oldroyd 1925 [synonym], Epitonium (Nitidoscala) subcoronatum Carpenter 1864 [synonym]
Subg. Epitonium (Hyaloscala) De Boury 1890
Subg. Epitonium (Minutiscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Papyriscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Parviscala) de Boury 1887
Subg. †Epitonium (Scala) Humphrey
+
Subg. Scala (Fuscoscala) Monterosato 1890
Subg. Scala (Spiniscala) De Boury 1909
+
†Epitonium (Spiniscala) loripanum Pilsbry and Olsson 1941
†Spiniscala alidotum Woodring 1928
†Spiniscala etolium Woodring 1928
Subg. Scala (Subuliscala) de Boury 1909
Scala crebricostata Carpenter 1863
†Scala marylandica Martin 1904
†Scala octolineata Conrad 1860
†Scala ranellina Dall 1896
†Scala virginiana Clark 1895
†Epitonium alaquaense Mansfield 1935
Epitonium albidum Orbigny 1842
Epitonium candeanum d'Orbigny 1842
+
Invalid names: Epitonium antillarum de Boury 1909 [synonym]
†Epitonium charlestonensis Johnson 1931
†Epitonium clallamense Durham 1937
†Epitonium clarki Oldroyd 1921
†Epitonium cookii Gardner 1933
†Epitonium cribrum Cooke 1926
†Epitonium dubiosum Dall 1916
Epitonium echinaticosta d'Orbigny 1842
†Epitonium faearium Dockery 1993
†Epitonium foliaceum Sowerby 1825
†Epitonium frondiculum Wood 1842
†Epitonium frondosum Sowerby 1827
†Epitonium hospitum Nagao 1928
+
Invalid names: Scala sayana Dall 1889 [synonym]
†Epitonium kostejanum Boettger 1902
†Epitonium latefasciatum Sowerby 1844
†Epitonium leai Ward and Blackwelder 1987
†Epitonium paytense Olsson 1930
†Epitonium peruvianum Olsson 1928
†Epitonium philippinarum Sowerby 1844
Epitonium rupicola Kurtz 1860
†Epitonium sillimani Morton 1834
†Epitonium sohli Ward and Blackwelder 1987
†Epitonium stellanum Stephenson 1953
†Epitonium submaculosum Nagao 1928
Epitonium tollini Bartsch 1938
Epitonium trevelyana Johnston 1841
G. †Filiscala Boury 1911
G. Gregorioiscala Cossman 1912
G. Gryoscala de Boury 1887
+
Gryoscala lamellosa Lamarck 1822
G. Littoriniscala de Boury 1887
+
G. †Mazescala Iredale 1936
G. †Murdochella Finlay 1927
G. †Narvaliscala Iredale 1936
G. †Notacirsa Finlay 1926
+
†Notacirsa lampra Tate 1890
Subfm. †Nystiellinae Clench 1952
+
G. †Ecclesiogyra Dall 1892
G. Foratiscala de Boury 1887
G. †Pseudoclaviscala Dockery 1993
+
G. Tenuiscala de Boury 1887
G. Opalia Adams and Adams 1853
+
Subg. †Opalia (Contemniscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. †Opalia (Crassiscala) de Boury 1887
+
†Crassiscala subterranea Wrigley 1940
Subg. Opalia (Dentiscala) de Boury 1886
+
Dentiscala funiculata Carpenter 1857
Invalid names: Opalia crenatoides insculpta Carpenter 1863 [synonym]
Subg. †Opalia (Granuliscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Opalia (Nodiscala) De Boury 1890
+
Invalid names: Funiscala de Boury 1891 [synonym]
Subg. Opalia (Opalia) Adams and Adams 1858
+
Subg. †Opalia (Rugatiscala) de Boury 1913
+
†Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni Anderson and Martin 1914
†Opalia atra Squires and Saul 2003
Opalia borealis Gould 1852
+
Invalid names: Opalia chacei Strong 1937 [synonym], Scala wroblewskyi Mörch 1876 [synonym], Scalaria (Psychrosoma) gouldii Tapparone-Canefri 1876 [synonym]
†Opalia cavea Squires and Saul 2003
Opalia crenatoides Carpenter 1864
†Opalia insculpta Carpenter 1866
†Opalia varicostata Stearns 1875
+
Invalid names: Opalia anomala Stearns 1875 [synonym]
†Scala (Opalia) prunicola Martin 1904
G. †Papuliscala de Boury 1911
G. †Problitora Iredale 1931
G. †Pseudosassia Vicián and Kovács 2022
+
†Pseudosassia flandricum Koninck 1838
G. Scalaria Lamarck 1801
+
Subg. Scalaria (Psychrosoma) Tapparone-Canefri 1876
Subg. Scalaria (Scalaria) Lamarck 1801
†Scalaria albensis d'Orbigny 1902
†Scalaria angulata Say 1822
†Scalaria bezanconi Cossmann and Lambert 1884
†Scalaria biserta Münster 1841
Scalaria clathrus Linnaeus 1758
†Scalaria crispa Lamarck 1804
†Scalaria decussata Lamarck 1804
†Scalaria denudata Lamarck 1804
†Scalaria elegans Münster 1841
†Scalaria elongata Martin 1879
†Scalaria ertborni Koenen 1882
†Scalaria fallax Wilckens 1907
†Scalaria fenestrata von Wöhrmann 1889
†Scalaria geniculata Brocchi 1814
†Scalaria hamulifera Wood 1847
†Scalaria lineata Say 1822
†Scalaria minima Martin 1879
†Scalaria molengraaffi Krumbeck 1924
†Scalaria monocycla Lamarck 1804
†Scalaria octolineata Aldrich 1885
†Scalaria ornata Münster 1841
†Scalaria pearlensis Meyer 1886
†Scalaria philippi Reuss 1846
†Scalaria plicata Lamarck 1804
†Scalaria subulata Sowerby 1825
†Scalaria torulosus Brocchi 1814
†Scalaria trigintanaria Conrad 1848
†Scalaria turbinata Forbes 1846
†Scalaria varicostata Riedel 1933
G. Scalina Conrad 1865
+
†Scalina belti DeVries 2007
†Scalina boylae Olsson 1967
†Scalina brophyi DeVries 2007
+
Invalid names: Epitonium (Ferminoscala) eleutherium Pilsbry and Olsson 1941 [synonym]
†Scalina cheneyi DeVries 2007
Scalina deroyae DuShane 1970
+
Invalid names: Epitonium (Ferminoscala) manabianum Pilsbry and Olsson 1941 [synonym], Scala (Acrilla) wiegandi Böse 1910 [synonym], Scala weigandi Böse 1910 [synonym]
†Scalina foosei DeVries 2007
†Scalina gardnerae Olsson 1967
†Scalina isaacsoni DeVries 2007
†Scalina kendacensis Jung 1971
†Scalina pseudoleroyi Maury 1925
Scalina retifera Dall 1889
†Scalina staminea Conrad 1865
Scalina tehuanarum DuShane and McLean 1968
†Scalina trigintanaria Conrad 1848
†Scalina waynensis Mansfield 1940
†Scalina whitei Keen 1943
Invalid names: Elegantiscala deBoury 1911 [synonym], Ferminoscala Dall 1908 [synonym]
G. Sthenorytis Conrad 1862
+
Sthenorytis dianae Hinds 1844
+
Invalid names: Sthenorytis hertleini Olsson 1964 [synonym], Sthenorytis paradisi Hertlein and Strong 1951 [synonym]
†Sthenorytis proglobosa Sacco 1891
+
Invalid names: Sthenorytis toroensis Dall 1912 [synonym]
G. Turriscala de Boury 1890
+
Subg. †Turriscala (Kapua) Marwick 1931
G. †Variciscala de Boury 1909
Invalid names: Acirsinae [empty], Opaliinae [empty], Scalidae Adams and A. 1853 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: aragonitef
Composition 2: low Mg calcitef
Locomotion: slow-movingf
Life habit: low-level epifaunalf
Diet: carnivoref
Vision: limitedc
Comments: 325; MINERALOGY: Outer calcitic shell layer. LIFE HISTORY: Browsing carnivores according to Todd (2001).f
Created: 2007-02-05 23:13:43
Modified: 2011-09-22 17:20:39
Source: f = family, c = class
References: Kiessling 2004, Beu et al. 1990

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Anisian to the top of the Holocene or 247.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 237.0 Ma

Collections (1184 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Anisian - Ladinian247.2 - 237.0Bosnia and Herzegovina Scalaria sp. (203800)
Carnian237.0 - 228.0Italy Eucycloscala elegans (164191)
Carnian237.0 - 228.0Austria Scalaria fenestrata (206002)
Carnian237.0 - 228.0Austria (Tyrol) Scalaria fenestrata (202331)
Carnian - Norian237.0 - 208.5Indonesia (Timor) Scalaria molengraaffi (205303)
Julian235.0 - 232.0Italy Eucycloscala elegans (69659 137435) Scalaria elegans, Scalaria ornata (144633) Scalaria klipsteini, Scalaria elegans, Scalaria biserta (144631) Scalaria sp. (144634) Turbo elegans, Turritella ornata, Turbo bisertus (137429)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Indonesia (Timor) Scalaria sp. (205457)
Late/Upper Pliensbachian189.6 - 183.0Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia) Eucycloscala elegans (225394 225396)
Spinatum189.6 - 183.0Germany (Bavaria) Eucycloscala elegans (25502)
Spinatum189.6 - 183.0Germany Eucycloscala elegans (159446)
Callovian166.1 - 163.5India Acirsa sp. (62056)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9France Scalaria albensis (2222)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9Switzerland Scalaria albensis (2224) Scalaria sp. (2247)
Early/Lower Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0Argentina Confusiscala sp. (61657)
Late/Upper Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0Argentina (Neuquen) Confusiscala sp. (135520)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4Spain (Castellon) Confusiscala mirambelensis (3725 3726)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4Russian Federation Claviscala antiqua (177874 177875 177876)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4Switzerland Scalaria cruciana, Scalaria neocomiensis (2198)
Hauterivian - Barremian132.9 - 125.0Japan Acirsa ofunatoensis (91313)
Late/Upper Barremian130.0 - 125.45Turkmenistan Confusiscala rhodani (47027)