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Taxonomy
Protocardiinae was named by Reuss (1846) [m. kosnik taxon no: 9222]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Cardiidae by Moore (1976), Maxwell (1978), Vokes (1980), Woodring (1982), Dockery (1982), Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Schneider (1995), Poutiers (2006), Bouchet et al. (2010), Carter et al. (2011) and Hickman (2015).
It was assigned to Cardiidae by Moore (1976), Maxwell (1978), Vokes (1980), Woodring (1982), Dockery (1982), Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Schneider (1995), Poutiers (2006), Bouchet et al. (2010), Carter et al. (2011) and Hickman (2015).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1846 | Protocardiinae Reuss |
| 1976 | Protocardiinae Moore p. 47 |
| 1978 | Protocardiinae Maxwell p. 16 |
| 1980 | Protocardiinae Vokes p. 128 |
| 1982 | Protocardiinae Dockery p. 72 |
| 1982 | Protocardiinae Woodring p. 644 |
| 1984 | Protocardiinae Squires p. 49 |
| 1987 | Protocardiinae Squires p. 65 |
| 1995 | Protocardiinae Schneider p. 339 |
| 2006 | Protocardiinae Poutiers |
| 2010 | Protocardiinae Bouchet et al. |
| 2011 | Protocardiinae Carter et al. p. 15 |
| 2015 | Protocardiinae Hickman p. 18 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. Protocardiinae Reuss 1846
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G. †Anechinocardium Hickman 2015
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†Anechinocardium formosum Hickman 1969
†Anechinocardium weaveri Anderson and Martin 1914
G. Frigidocardium Habe 1951
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Frigidocardium centumliratum Melvill 1907
†Frigidocardium eos Kuroda 1929
Frigidocardium exasperatum Sowerby II 1841
Frigidocardium helios Ter Poorten 2009
Frigidocardium iris Huber and Ter Poorten 2007
Frigidocardium kiranum Sakurai and Habe 1966
Frigidocardium sancticaroli Ter Poorten 2009
Frigidocardium torresi Smith 1885
Frigidocardium valdentatum Poutiers 2006
G. Lyrocardium Meek 1876
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Lyrocardium aurantiacum Adams and Reeve 1850
Lyrocardium lyratum Sowerby II 1940
G. Microcardium Thiele 1934
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Microcardium aequiliratum Poutiers 1981
†Microcardium jamaicense Dall 1903
†Microcardium microtatum Woodring 1982
Microcardium pazianum Dall 1916
†Microcardium peramabile Dall 1881
†Microcardium pollostum Woodring 1982
Microcardium sakuraii Habe 1961
Microcardium tenuilamellosum Poutiers 1981
Microcardium tinctum Dall 1881
Microcardium trapezoidale Poutiers 2006
Microcardium velatum Ter Poorten and Poutiers 2009
†Nemocardium (Microcardium) islahispaniolae Maury 1917
Invalid names: Decussicardium Fischer-Piette 1977 [synonym], Tobarum [synonym]
G. †Protocardia Beyrich 1845
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†Cardium (Protocardia) arkansense Conrad 1855
†Cardium (Protocardia) pauli Coquand 1862
†Cardium (Protocardium) granuliferum Gabb 1869
Subg. †Protocardia (Pachycardium) Conrad 1869
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†Pachycardium coronaensis Packard 1922
†Pachycardium remondianum Gabb 1864
Subg. †Protocardia (Protocardia) Beyrich 1845
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†Protocardia (Protocardia) alta Forbes 1846
†Protocardia (Protocardia) philippiana Dunker 1847
†Protocardia (Protocardia) striatulum Sowerby 1829
Subg. †Protocardia (Tamilicardia) Chiplonkar and Tapaswi 1976
†Protocardia alcesiana McLearn 1933
†Protocardia buckmani Morris and Lycett 1853
†Protocardia costaricensis Olsson 1922
†Protocardia dufrenoyca Buvignier 1852
†Protocardia eduliformis Roemer 1836
†Protocardia gambrina Gabb 1861
†Protocardia hillana Sowerby 1813
†Protocardia intexta Muenster 1837
†Protocardia lingulata Lycett 1863
†Protocardia luggudensis Troedsson 1951
†Protocardia newberryana Gabb 1881
†Protocardia peregrinorsa d'Orbigny 1842
†Protocardia pesolina Contejean 1859
†Protocardia philippiana Dunker 1847
†Protocardia piettei Fischer 1969
†Protocardia placerensis Gabb 1864
†Protocardia pulchella Chiplonkar and Tapaswi 1976
†Protocardia qinghaiensis Wen 1979
†Protocardia razavii Repin 2013
†Protocardia salrivalis Harris 1919
†Protocardia somaliensis Cox 1935
†Protocardia stantoni Wade 1926
†Protocardia stonei Cragin 1893
†Protocardia striatula Sowerby 1829
†Protocardia stricklandi Morris and Lycett 1853
†Protocardia subquadrata Evans and Shumard 1857
†Protocardia texanum Conrad 1857
†Protocardia translucida Gabb 1869
†Protocardia truncata Sowerby 1827
†Protocardia umkwelanensis Etheridge 1904
†Protocardia virginiana Conrad 1864
Subg. †Protocardium (Brevicardium) Stephenson 1941
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, c = class | |||||
| References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Todd 2001 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Carnian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 237.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 228.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 228.0 Ma
Collections (1191 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carnian | Myanmar (Tenasserim) | Protocardia sp. (44825) | |
| Carnian | Laos | Protocardia contusa (44800) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | USA (Alaska) | Protocardia sp. (112287 112288) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | Germany | Cardium rhaeticum (202142) | |
| Norian | United Arab Emirates | Protocardia rhaetica (41201) | |
| Norian | Oman | Protocardia rhaetica (41213) | |
| Norian | Italy (Brescia) | Cardium philippianum (203325) | |
| Norian - Rhaetian | USA (Nevada) | Protocardia sp. (210698 210700) | |
| Lacian | Indonesia (Maluku) | Protocardia contusa (204489) Protocardia contusa, Protocardia proteus (204487) Protocardia subrhaetica (204318) | |
| Sevatian | Hungary | Protocardia sp. (204765) | |
| Sevatian | Iran | Protocardia contusa (49324 49327) Protocardia contusa, Protocardia rhaetica (49198) | |
| Sevatian - Rhaetian | Iran | Protocardia contusa (48977 49031) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom (England) | Protocardia phillipiana (163290) Protocardia phillipsi (163291) Protocardia sp. (120897) Protocardium rhaeticum (163306 163310) | |
| Rhaetian | Spain | Protocardia rhaetica (142083) | |
| Rhaetian | Iran | Protocardia contusa (48967 48968 48973 48984) | |
| Rhaetian | Austria | Protocardia rhaetica (27939 27940 27945 27958 27965 27966 28094 28110 28111 28511 28525 28583 28586 28593 28806 28835 28837 61009 61011 61018 61021 115313 115315 115323 115324 115326 115331 115332 115333 115334 115335 115349 115357 115359 115360) | |
| Rhaetian | Italy (Lombardy) | Cardium philippianum (38083) | |
| Rhaetian | Italy | Cardium philippianum (204921) Protocardia rhaetica (38167 38168) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom (Gloucestershire) | Protocardia rhaetica (204164) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom (Yorkshire) | Protocardia rhaetica (219457 219458 219460 219461) | |