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Alethinophidia
Taxonomy
Alethinophidia was named by Nopcsa (1923). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Wilcox et al. (2002) and Palci et al. (2013).
It was reranked as the suborder Alethinophidia by Albino (2000), Snetkov and Bannikov (2010) and Ikeda et al. (2016); it was reranked as the unranked clade Alethinophidia by Augé and Rage (2006), Wilson et al. (2010), Longrich et al. (2012), Fernicola and Albino (2012) and Smith (2013).
It was assigned to Serpentes by Holman and Case (1988), Nessov et al. (1998), Gardner and Cifelli (1999), Albino (2000), Vidal and Hedges (2002) and Venczel and Stiuca (2008); to Ophidia by Fernicola and Albino (2012); to Squamata by Parmley and DeVore (2005) and Ikeda et al. (2016); and to Serpentes by Wilcox et al. (2002), Augé and Rage (2006), Wilson et al. (2010), Snetkov and Bannikov (2010), Longrich et al. (2012), Zvonok and Snetkov (2012), Palci et al. (2013), Smith (2013), Stocker and Kirk (2016) and Head (2020).
It was reranked as the suborder Alethinophidia by Albino (2000), Snetkov and Bannikov (2010) and Ikeda et al. (2016); it was reranked as the unranked clade Alethinophidia by Augé and Rage (2006), Wilson et al. (2010), Longrich et al. (2012), Fernicola and Albino (2012) and Smith (2013).
It was assigned to Serpentes by Holman and Case (1988), Nessov et al. (1998), Gardner and Cifelli (1999), Albino (2000), Vidal and Hedges (2002) and Venczel and Stiuca (2008); to Ophidia by Fernicola and Albino (2012); to Squamata by Parmley and DeVore (2005) and Ikeda et al. (2016); and to Serpentes by Wilcox et al. (2002), Augé and Rage (2006), Wilson et al. (2010), Snetkov and Bannikov (2010), Longrich et al. (2012), Zvonok and Snetkov (2012), Palci et al. (2013), Smith (2013), Stocker and Kirk (2016) and Head (2020).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1923 | Alethinophidia Nopcsa |
| 1988 | Alethinophidia Holman and Case p. 329 |
| 1998 | Alethinophidia Nessov et al. p. 5 |
| 1999 | Alethinophidia Gardner and Cifelli p. 89 |
| 2000 | Alethinophidia Albino p. 249 |
| 2002 | Alethinophidia Vidal and Hedges p. 983 |
| 2002 | Alethinophidia Wilcox et al. |
| 2005 | Alethinophidia Parmley and DeVore p. 706 |
| 2006 | Alethinophidia Augé and Rage p. 247 |
| 2008 | Alethinophidia Venczel and Stiuca p. 755 |
| 2010 | Alethinophidia Snetkov and Bannikov p. 698 |
| 2010 | Alethinophidia Wilson et al. p. 1 |
| 2012 | Alethinophidia Fernicola and Albino |
| 2012 | Alethinophidia Longrich et al. |
| 2012 | Alethinophidia Zvonok and Snetkov p. 394 |
| 2013 | Alethinophidia Palci et al. |
| 2013 | Alethinophidia Smith p. 158 |
| 2016 | Alethinophidia Ikeda et al. p. 145 |
| 2016 | Alethinophidia Stocker and Kirk |
| 2020 | Alethinophidia Head |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Infraor. Alethinophidia Nopcsa 1923
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Superfm. Acrochordoidea McDowell 1979
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Fm. †Nigeropheidae Rage 1975
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Fm. †Nigerophiidae Rage 1975
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G. †Indophis Rage and Prasad 1992
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†Indophis fanambinana Pritchard et al. 2014
†Indophis sahnii Rage and Prasad 1992
Fm. Aniliidae Fitzinger 1826 [pipe snake]
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G. †Anilioides Auffenberg 1963
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†Anilioides minuatus Auffenberg 1963
†Anilioides minuatus Auffenberg 1963
†Anilioides nebraskensis Holman 1976
G. †Borealilysia Head 2020
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†Borealilysia carinata Hecht 1959
†Borealilysia gunnelli Head 2020
Invalid names: Coniophis platycarinatus Hecht 1959 [nomen dubium]
Superfm. †Anilioidea
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Fm. Uropeltidae [shieldtail snake]
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G. Anomochilus Berg 1901 [Common pipe snakes]
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Anomochilus leonardi Smith 1940 [Leonard's pipe snake]
Anomochilus weberi Lidth de Jeude 1890 [Pipe snake]
G. Brachyophidium Wall 1921 [Mountain burrowing snakes]
+
Brachyophidium rhodogaster Wall 1921 [Palni mountain burrowing snake]
G. Cylindrophis Wagler 1828 [Island pipe snakes]
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Cylindrophis aruensis Boulenger 1920 [Aru island pipe snake]
Cylindrophis maculatus Linneaus 1758 [Spotted pipe snake]
Cylindrophis rufus Laurenti 1768 [Red pipe snake]
G. Melanophidium Gunther 1864 [Black earth snakes]
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Melanophidium punctatum Beddome 1871 [Beddome's black earth snake]
Melanophidium wynaudense Beddome 1863 [Indian black earth snake]
G. Platyplecturus Gunther 1868 [Thorntail snakes]
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Platyplecturus madurensis Beddome 1877 [Travancore Hills thorntail snake]
G. Plecturus Dumeril 1851 [African burrowing snakes]
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Plecturus aureus Beddome 1880 [Kerala burrowing snake]
Plecturus perroteti Dumeril and Bibron 1854 [Nilgiri burrowing snake]
G. Pseudotyphlops Schlegel 1839 [Large shieldtail snakes]
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Pseudotyphlops philippinus Schlegel 1829 [Large shieldtail snake]
G. Rhinophis Hemprich 1820 [Rhinocerps earth snakes]
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Rhinophis blythii Kelaart 1853 [Blyth's earth snake]
Rhinophis drummondhayi Wall 1921 [Drummond Hay's earth snake]
Rhinophis philippinus Cuvier 1829 [Peters' Philippine earth snake]
Rhinophis sanguineus Beddome 1863 [Salty earth snake]
G. Uropeltis Cuvier 1829 [Indian earth snakes]
+
Uropeltis melanogaster Gray 1858 [Gray's earth snake]
Uropeltis rubromaculatus Beddome 1867 [Red-spotted earth snake]
Uropeltis woodmasoni Theobald 1876 [Woodmason's earth snake]
Unr. Caenophidia Hoffstetter 1939
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Fm. Acrochordidae Bonaparte 1840
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G. Acrochordus Hornstedt 1787
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†Acrochordus dehmi Hoffstetter 1964
Acrochordus granulatus Schneider 1799 [Little file snake]
Fm. †Russellophiidae Rage 1978
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G. †Colombophis Hoffstetter and Rage 1977
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†Colombophis portai Hoffstetter and Rage 1977
†Colombophis spinosus Hsiou et al. 2010
Superfm. Colubroidea Oppel 1811
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Fm. Crotalidae Oppel 1811 [pit viper]
+
G. Aploaspis Cope 1867
G. Caudisonia Laurenti 1768
G. Crotalus Linnaeus 1758 [rattlesnake]
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Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois 1799 [eastern diamondback rattlesnake]
Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard 1853
Crotalus horridus Linnaeus 1758 [timber rattlesnake]
Crotalus lepidus Kennicott 1861 [rock rattlesnake]
†Crotalus potterensis Brattstrom 1953
Crotalus viridis Rafinesque 1818 [prairie rattlesnake]
G. Gloydius Hoge and Hoge 1981
G. †Protagras Cope 1872
G. Protobothrops Hoge and Romano-Hoge 1983
G. Sistrurus Garman 1883 [pigmy rattlesnake]
G. Trimeresurus Lacépède 1804 [pitviper]
Subfm. Viperinae Oppel 1811
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G. Vipera Laurenti 1768
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Subg. Vipera (Daboia) Gray 1842 [oriental viper]
Subg. †Vipera (Macrovipera) Reuss 1927
Subg. Vipera (Pelias) Merrem 1820
Subg. Vipera (Vipera) Laurenti 1768
†Vipera antiqua Szyndlar 1987
†Vipera burgenlandica Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1987
†Vipera gedulyi Bolkay 1913
Vipera latastei Boscà 1878
†Vipera maghrebiana Rage 1976
†Vipera maxima Szyndlar 1988
†Vipera natiensis Bailon et al. 2002
†Vipera platyspondyla Szyndlar 1987
Invalid names: Coluber kargii von Meyer 1845 [nomen dubium]
Fm. Elapidae Boié 1827
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G. Calliophis Gray 1834
G. Disteira Lacepede 1804
G. Disteiramecdup Lacepede 1804
G. Elaps Schneider
Subfm. Hydrophiinae Boié 1827 [sea snake]
+
G. Aipysurus Lacepède 1804
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Aipysurus apraefrontalis Smith 1926
Aipysurus duboisii Bavay 1869
Aipysurus eydouxi Gray 1849
Aipysurus foliosquama Smith 1926
Aipysurus fuscus Tschudi 1837
Aipysurus laevis Lacepède 1804
Aipysurus tenuis Lønnberg and Andersson 1913
G. Hydrophis Latreille 1801
+
Hydrophis atriceps Günther 1864
Hydrophis belcheri Gray 1849
Hydrophis brookii Günther 1872
Hydrophis caerulescens Shaw 1802
Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin 1803
Hydrophis elegans Gray 1842
Hydrophis fasciatus Schneider 1799
Hydrophis gracilis Shaw 1802
Hydrophis inornata Gray 1849
Hydrophis kingii Boulenger 1896
Hydrophis klossi Boulenger 1912
Hydrophis laboutei Rasmussen and Ineich 2000
Hydrophis lamberti Smith 1917
Hydrophis lapemoides Gray 1849
Hydrophis macdowelli Kharin 1983
Hydrophis major Shaw 1802
Hydrophis melanocephalus Gray 1849
Hydrophis melanosoma Günther 1864
Hydrophis ornatus Gray 1842
Hydrophis pacificus Boulenger 1869
Hydrophis parviceps Smith 1935
Hydrophis semperi Garman 1881
Hydrophis spiralis Shaw 1802
Hydrophis torquatus Günther 1864
Hydrophis vorisi Kharin 1984
G. Laticauda Laurenti 1768
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Laticauda colubrinus Schneider 1799
Laticauda crockeri Slevin 1934
Laticauda laticauda Linnaeus 1758
Laticauda schistorhynchus Günther 1874
Laticauda semifasciatus Reinwardt 1837
G. Naja Laurenti 1768 [cobra]
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†Naja antiqua Rage 1976
†Naja austriaca Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985
†Naja iberica Szyndlar 1985
Naja naja Linneaus 1758 [Indian cobra]
†Naja romani Hoffstetter 1939
Invalid names: Palaeonaja Hoffstetter 1939 [synonym], Palaeonaja Hoffstetter 1939 [synonym]
G. Notechis Peters 1861
G. Polyodontognathus Wall 1921
G. Xenodermus Reinhardt 1836
Invalid names: Laticaudinae [empty], Najinae Cope 1864 [empty], Protropidonotus Schlosser 1916 [nomen dubium], Protropidonotus neglectus Schlosser 1916 [nomen dubium]
Fm. Viperidae Oppel 1811 [viper]
+
G. Bothrops Wagler 1824 [pit viper]
Invalid names: Provipera Kinkelin 1892 [nomen dubium], Provipera boettgeri Kinkelin 1892 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Rhabdosomidae Cope 1871 [empty], Russellopheidae Rage 1978 [empty]
Unr. †Henophidia
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Fm. Loxocemidae Cope 1861 [Mexican burrowing snake]
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G. †Ogmophis Cope 1844
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†Ogmophis arenarum Douglass 1903
†Ogmophis compactus Lambe 1908
†Ogmophis miocompactus Holman 1976
†Ogmophis oregonensis Cope 1844
†Ogmophis pauperrimus Vanzolini 1952
†Ogmophis pliocompactus Holman 1975
†Ogmophis voorhiesi Holman 1977
Fm. Pythonidae Fitzinger 1826 [python]
+
G. Liasis Gray 1842
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†Liasis dubudingala Scanlon and Mackness 2002
Liasis olivacea Gray 1842 [olive python]
G. Morelia Gray 1842
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†Morelia riversleighensis Smith and Plane 1985
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Invalid names: Morelia antiqua Smith and Plane 1985 [synonym]
Morelia spilota Lacépède 1804 [carpet python]
Invalid names: Montypythonoides Smith and Plane 1985 [synonym]
Invalid names: Bolyeriidae [empty], Calabariidae [empty], Xenopeltidae Bonaparte 1845 [empty]
Unr. Macrostomata Ritgen 1828
+
Superfm. Booidea Gray 1825
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Fm. †Anomalophidae Auffenberg 1959
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G. †Anomalophis Auffenberg 1959
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†Anomalophis bolcensis Auffenberg 1959
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Invalid names: Archaeophis bolcensis Massalongo 1859 [replaced]
G. †Boavus Marsh 1871
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†Boavus brevis Marsh 1871
†Boavus idelmani Gilmore 1938
†Boavus occidentalis Marsh 1871
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Invalid names: Boavus affinis Brattstrom 1955 [synonym], Boavus agilis Marsh 1871 [synonym], Protagras lacustris Cope 1871 [synonym]
Fm. Boidae Gray 1825 [boa]
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Subfm. Boinae Gray 1825
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G. Acrantophis Jan 1860 [boa]
G. †Bavarioboa Szyndlar and Schleich 1993
G. †Cheilophis Gilmore 1938
G. †Chubutophis Albino 1993
G. Corallus Daudin 1803
G. Epicrates Wagler 1830 [rainbow boa]
G. †Hordleophis Holman 1996
G. †Rukwanyoka McCartney et al. 2014
G. †Sanjuanophis Sullivan and Lucas 1988
G. †Tallahattaophis Holman and Case 1988
G. †Titanoboa Head et al. 2009
G. †Waincophis Albino 1987
G. Candoia Gray 1842
G. Charina Gray 1849
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Charina bottae Blainville 1835 [northern rubber boa]
†Charina prebottae Brattstrom 1958
G. †Daunophis Swinton 1926
G. †Dawsonophis Holman 1979
Subfm. Erycinae Bonaparte 1825 [sand boa]
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G. †Albaneryx Hoffstetter and Rage 1972
G. †Bransateryx Hoffstetter and Rage 1972
G. †Cadurceryx Hoffstetter and Rage 1972
G. Eryx Daudin 1803 [true sand boa]
G. †Gaimanophis Albino 1996
G. †Geringophis Holman 1976
G. Gongylophis Wagler 1830
G. †Huberophis Holman 1977
G. †Pterygoboa Holman 1976
G. †Tregophis Holman 1975
G. †Palaeopython Rochebrune 1880
+
†Palaeopython cadurcensis Filhol 1877
†Palaeopython filholi de Rochebrune 1880
†Palaeopython helveticus Georgalis and Scheyer 2019
†Palaeopython neglectus de Rochebrune 1884
Invalid names: Palaeopython sardus Portis 1901 [nomen dubium]
G. †Paleryx Owen 1850
+
†Paleryx cayluxi De Stefano 1905
†Paleryx depressus Owen 1849
†Paleryx rhombifer Owen 1849
G. Python Daudin 1803
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†Python cadurcensis Filhol 1877
†Python euboicus Roemer 1870
†Python maurus Rage 1976
Python regius Shaw 1802 [Ball python]
Python sebae Gmelin 1789 [rock python]
G. †Totlandophis Holman and Harrison 1998
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†Totlandophis americanus Holman and Harrison 2001
†Totlandophis thomasae Holman and Harrison 1998
Subfm. Tropidophiinae Cope 1894
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G. †Falseryx Szyndlar and Rage 2003
G. †Rottophis Szyndlar and Böhme 1996
Subfm. Ungaliophiinae McDowell 1987 [dwarf boa]
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G. Exiliboa Bogert 1968
G. †Paraungaliophis Rage 2008
G. Ungaliophis Müller 1882
Invalid names: Rageophis Wallach 1986 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Archaeophidae Janensch 1906 [empty], Dinilysiidae Romer 1956 [empty], Ungaliophiidae Zaher 1994 [empty]
G. Loxocemus Cope 1861 [Mexican burrowing pythons]
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Loxocemus bicolor Cope 1861 [Mexican burrowing python]
G. †Pachyrhachis Haas 1979
+
G. †Podophis Rage and Escuillié 2000
Fm. Tropidophiidae Cope 1894 [dwarf boa]
+
G. †Dunnophis Hecht 1959
+
†Dunnophis cadurcensis Rage 1974
†Dunnophis matronensis Rage 1973
†Dunnophis microechinis Hecht 1959
G. †Platyspondylia Rage 1974
+
†Platyspondylia germanica Szyndlar and Rage 2003
†Platyspondylia lepta Rage 1974
†Platyspondylia sudrei Rage 1988
Fm. Pseudoxyrhophiidae Dowling 1975
+
G. †Tuscahomaophis Holman and Case 1992
Invalid names: Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger 1843 [empty], Simoliopheoidea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available