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Troodontidae
Taxonomy
Troodontidae was named by Gilmore (1924). It was considered monophyletic by Zheng et al. (2009).
It was synonymized subjectively with Pachycephalosauridae by Romer (1956), Romer (1966) and Maryańska and Osmólska (1974).
It was assigned to Iguanodontoidae by Hay (1930); to Ornithopoda by Lull (1924), Russell (1930), Roxo (1937) and Brown and Schlaikjer (1943); to Orthopoda by Gilmore (1924) and Bohlin (1953); to Megalosauroidea by Kuhn (1966); to Protoavia by Paul (1988); to Oviraptorosauria by Russell and Dong (1994); to Bullatosauria by Holtz (1994), Nessov (1995), Holtz and Padian (1995) and Hutchinson and Padian (1997); to Coelurosauria by Currie (1995) and Zinke (1998); to Theropoda by Russell (1948) and Peng et al. (2001); to Theropoda by Eberth et al. (2001); to Saurischia by Pearson et al. (2002) and Sankey et al. (2002); to Arctometatarsalia by Holtz (1995), Holtz (1998) and Senter et al. (2004); to Theropoda by Coulton (1976) and Chure et al. (2006); to Eumaniraptora by Godefroit et al. (2013); to Coelurosauria by Williamson and Brusatte (2014); to Paraves by Holtz (2000), Zanno et al. (2011) and O'Connor and Sullivan (2014); to Maniraptoriformes by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014); to Maniraptora by Benton (1990), Osmolska (1990), Chatterjee (1993), Currie (1997), Makovicky and Norell (2004), Xu et al. (2011), Xu et al. (2012), Pei et al. (2017), Shen et al. (2017), Xu et al. (2017), van der Reest and Currie (2017) and Shen et al. (2017); and to Deinonychosauria by Gauthier (1986), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Rauhut (2003), Zheng et al. (2009), Gianechini et al. (2017) and Hartman et al. (2019).
It was synonymized subjectively with Pachycephalosauridae by Romer (1956), Romer (1966) and Maryańska and Osmólska (1974).
It was assigned to Iguanodontoidae by Hay (1930); to Ornithopoda by Lull (1924), Russell (1930), Roxo (1937) and Brown and Schlaikjer (1943); to Orthopoda by Gilmore (1924) and Bohlin (1953); to Megalosauroidea by Kuhn (1966); to Protoavia by Paul (1988); to Oviraptorosauria by Russell and Dong (1994); to Bullatosauria by Holtz (1994), Nessov (1995), Holtz and Padian (1995) and Hutchinson and Padian (1997); to Coelurosauria by Currie (1995) and Zinke (1998); to Theropoda by Russell (1948) and Peng et al. (2001); to Theropoda by Eberth et al. (2001); to Saurischia by Pearson et al. (2002) and Sankey et al. (2002); to Arctometatarsalia by Holtz (1995), Holtz (1998) and Senter et al. (2004); to Theropoda by Coulton (1976) and Chure et al. (2006); to Eumaniraptora by Godefroit et al. (2013); to Coelurosauria by Williamson and Brusatte (2014); to Paraves by Holtz (2000), Zanno et al. (2011) and O'Connor and Sullivan (2014); to Maniraptoriformes by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014); to Maniraptora by Benton (1990), Osmolska (1990), Chatterjee (1993), Currie (1997), Makovicky and Norell (2004), Xu et al. (2011), Xu et al. (2012), Pei et al. (2017), Shen et al. (2017), Xu et al. (2017), van der Reest and Currie (2017) and Shen et al. (2017); and to Deinonychosauria by Gauthier (1986), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Rauhut (2003), Zheng et al. (2009), Gianechini et al. (2017) and Hartman et al. (2019).
Subtaxa
Albertavenator, Almas, Anchiornis, Archaeornithoides, Bradycneme, Daliansaurus, Geminiraptor, Gobivenator, Heptasteornis, Hesperornithoides, Jinfengopteryginae, Koparion, Laelaps cristatus, Laelaps laevifrons, Papiliovenator, Pectinodon, Polyodontosaurus grandis, Saurornitholestes robustus, Sinovenatorinae, Sinusonasus, Tochisaurus, Troodontinae, Xixiasaurus
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1876 | Laelaps cristatus Cope p. 344 |
1876 | Laelaps laevifrons Cope p. 344 |
1877 | Laelaps cristatus Cope p. 572 |
1877 | Laelaps laevifrons Cope p. 572 |
1902 | Dryptosaurus cristatus Hay p. 488 |
1902 | Dryptosaurus laevifrons Hay p. 488 |
1922 | Dromaeosaurus cristatus Matthew and Brown p. 376 |
1922 | Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Matthew and Brown p. 376 |
1924 | Troodontidae Gilmore pp. 7-8 |
1924 | Troodontidae Lull p. 238 |
1927 | Dromaeosaurus cristatus Huene p. 260 |
1927 | Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Huene p. 260 |
1930 | Dromaeosaurus cristatus Hay p. 180 |
1930 | Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Hay p. 181 |
1930 | Troodontidae Hay p. 207 |
1930 | Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Russell p. 142 |
1930 | Troodontidae Russell p. 142 |
1932 | Polyodontosaurus grandis Gilmore p. 117 figs. Pl. 1 |
1937 | Troodontidae Roxo p. 65 |
1939 | Dromaeosaurus cristatus Kuhn p. 49 |
1939 | Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Kuhn p. 50 |
1943 | Troodontidae Brown and Schlaikjer p. 126 |
1948 | Troodontidae Russell p. 629 |
1951 | Polyodontosaurus grandis Sternberg p. 257 |
1953 | Troodontidae Bohlin p. 32 |
1965 | Dromaeosaurus cristatus Ostrom p. 39 |
1966 | Troodontidae Kuhn p. 96 |
1970 | Dryptosaurus cristatus Steel p. 31 |
1970 | Dryptosaurus laevifrons Steel p. 31 |
1970 | Polyodontosaurus grandis Steel p. 44 |
1974 | Saurornithoididae Barsbold p. 7 |
1975 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Harrison and Walker pp. 399-400 figs. Pl. 65:6-7; Pl. 66:1-7 |
1975 | Bradycneme Harrison and Walker pp. 564-565 |
1975 | Bradycneme draculae Harrison and Walker p. 565 figs. Pl. 65:1-5 |
1975 | Heptasteornis Harrison and Walker p. 566 |
1975 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Harrison and Walker p. 566 figs. Pl. 65:6-7; Pl. 66:1-7 |
1976 | Saurornithoididae Barsbold p. 74 |
1976 | Troodontidae Coulton p. 177 |
1977 | Saurornithoididae Barsbold p. 50 |
1977 | Saurornithoididae Rozhdestvensky p. 112 |
1978 | Bradycneme Brodkorb p. 223 |
1978 | Bradycneme draculae Brodkorb p. 223 |
1978 | Heptasteornis Brodkorb p. 224 |
1978 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Brodkorb p. 224 |
1983 | Saurornithoididae Barsbold p. 86 |
1984 | Saurornithoididae Russell p. 28 |
1984 | Saurornithoididae Thulborn p. 132 |
1985 | Saurornithoididae Gauthier and Padian p. 190 |
1986 | Bradycneme Buffetaut et al. p. 1395 |
1986 | Bradycneme draculae Buffetaut et al. p. 1395 |
1986 | Heptasteornis Buffetaut et al. p. 1395 |
1986 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Buffetaut et al. p. 1395 |
1986 | Saurornithoididae Buffetaut et al. p. 1395 |
1986 | Troodontidae Gauthier p. 11 |
1988 | Bradycneme Carroll |
1988 | Heptasteornis Carroll |
1988 | Saurornithoididae Carroll |
1988 | Troodontidae Paul p. 394 |
1988 | Troodon andrewsi Paul pp. 399-400 |
1988 | Bradycneme Paul p. 400 |
1988 | Bradycneme draculae Paul p. 400 |
1990 | Troodontidae Benton p. 19 |
1990 | Troodontidae Osmolska p. 150 |
1991 | Bradycneme Weishampel et al. p. 209 |
1991 | Bradycneme draculae Weishampel et al. p. 209 |
1991 | Heptasteornis Weishampel et al. p. 209 |
1991 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Weishampel et al. p. 209 |
1992 | Saurornithoididae Dong p. 164 |
1993 | Troodontidae Chatterjee p. 283 |
1994 | Koparion Chure p. 11 |
1994 | Koparion douglassi Chure p. 11 figs. Pl. 1 |
1994 | Troodontidae Holtz |
1994 | Troodontidae Russell and Dong p. 2125 |
1995 | Troodontidae Currie p. 25A |
1995 | Troodontidae Holtz, Jr. p. 35A |
1995 | Troodontidae Holtz, Jr. and Padian p. 35A |
1995 | Troodontidae Nessov p. 41 |
1997 | Troodontidae Currie p. 733 |
1997 | Troodontidae Hutchinson and Padian p. 130 |
1997 | Troodontidae Sereno p. 444 |
1997 | Bradycneme Varricchio p. 750 |
1997 | Bradycneme draculae Varricchio p. 750 |
1997 | Heptasteornis Varricchio p. 750 |
1997 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Varricchio p. 750 |
1997 | Koparion Varricchio p. 750 |
1997 | Koparion douglassi Varricchio p. 750 |
1998 | Troodontidae Holtz, Jr. p. 40 |
1998 | Troodontidae Sereno p. 65 |
1998 | Troodontidae Zinke p. 184 |
1999 | Troodontidae Sereno p. 2139 fig. 2 |
2000 | Koparion douglassi Chure p. 2 |
2000 | Troodontidae Holtz, Jr. p. 13 fig. 5 |
2000 | Troodon cristatus Olshevsky p. 97 |
2001 | Troodontidae Eberth et al. p. 56 |
2001 | Troodontidae Peng et al. p. 37 |
2002 | Troodontidae Pearson et al. p. 154 |
2002 | Troodontidae Sankey et al. p. 755 |
2003 | Bradycneme draculae Grigorescu p. 100 |
2003 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Grigorescu p. 100 |
2003 | Troodontidae Rauhut p. 159 |
2004 | Troodontidae Makovicky and Norell p. 185 |
2004 | Troodontidae Senter et al. p. 2 fig. 2 |
2005 | Koparion douglassi Carpenter et al. pp. 24-26 |
2005 | Bradycneme draculae Grigorescu p. 204 |
2005 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Grigorescu p. 204 |
2006 | Koparion Chure et al. p. 236 |
2006 | Koparion douglassi Chure et al. p. 236 |
2006 | Troodontidae Chure et al. p. 236 |
2006 | Bradycneme draculae Dalla Vecchia p. 13 |
2006 | Heptasteornis andrewsi Dalla Vecchia p. 13 |
2006 | Koparion douglassi Hunt and Lucas p. 117 |
2006 | Koparion douglassi Mateus p. 231 |
2006 | Saurornitholestes robustus Sullivan p. 253 figs. 1-3 |
2009 | Troodontidae Zheng et al. |
2011 | Troodontidae Xu et al. p. 2 |
2011 | Troodontidae Zanno et al. p. 3 |
2012 | Koparion douglassi Tweet et al. p. 321 |
2012 | Troodontidae Xu et al. p. 141 |
2013 | Troodontidae Godefroit et al. |
2014 | Troodontidae Hendrickx and Mateus |
2014 | Troodontidae O'Connor and Sullivan |
2014 | Troodontidae Williamson and Brusatte p. 12 |
2015 | Saurornitholestes robustus Jasinski p. 79 |
2017 | Troodontidae Gianechini et al. p. 12 fig. 8 |
2017 | Troodontidae Pei et al. |
2017 | Troodontidae Shen et al. |
2017 | Troodontidae Shen et al. |
2017 | Troodontidae Xu et al. |
2017 | Troodontidae van der Reest and Currie |
2018 | Koparion douglassi Tweet and Santucci p. 713 |
2019 | Troodontidae Hartman et al. |
2021 | Bradycneme draculae Sellés et al. p. 8 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Troodontidae Gilmore 1924
show all | hide all
G. †Archaeornithoides Elzanowski and Wellnhofer 1992
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†Archaeornithoides deinosauriscus Elzanowski and Wellnhofer 1992
Subfm. †Jinfengopteryginae Turner et al. 2012
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G. †Pectinodon Carpenter 1982
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†Pectinodon bakkeri Carpenter 1982
Invalid names: Pectinodon asiamericanus Nessov 1985 [nomen dubium]
Subfm. †Sinovenatorinae Shen et al. 2017
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Subfm. †Troodontinae van der Reest and Currie 2017
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G. †Latenivenatrix van der Reest and Currie 2017
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†Latenivenatrix mcmasterae van der Reest and Currie 2017
G. †Troodon Leidy 1856
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†Troodon formosus Leidy 1856
Invalid names: Polyodontosaurus Gilmore 1932 [synonym]
Invalid names: Bradycneme Harrison and Walker 1975 [nomen dubium], Heptasteornis Harrison and Walker 1975 [nomen dubium], Koparion Chure 1994 [nomen dubium], Laelaps cristatus Cope 1876 [nomen dubium], Laelaps laevifrons Cope 1876 [nomen dubium], Polyodontosaurus grandis Gilmore 1932 [nomen dubium], Saurornithoididae Barsbold 1974 [synonym], Saurornitholestes robustus Sullivan 2006 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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R. S. Lull 1924 | Aberrant Orthopoda with prernaxillary teeth, dome-like, thickened skull, and abdominal ribs. | |
B. Brown and E. M. Schlaikjer 1943 | Small bipedal dinosaurs. Skull with moderate thickening of frontoparietal area. Node-like ornamentations of the skull weakly developed. Supratemporal openings usually nearly closed; ocassionally completely closed on one side. Face short and deep. Premaxillaries with teeth. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order | |||||
References: Peczkis 1995, Marsh 1875, Holtz et al. 2000 |
Collections (215 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
---|---|---|---|
Late/Upper Bathonian - Early/Lower Kimmeridgian | China (Liaoning) | Anchiornis huxleyi (106306) Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi (92421) | |
Oxfordian | China (Liaoning) | Anchiornis huxleyi (91487) | |
Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Leiria) | Troodontidae indet. (24563) | |
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (Wyoming) | Troodontidae indet. (74665) | |
Tithonian | USA (Utah) | Koparion douglassi (22711) | |
Early/Lower Tithonian | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Troodontidae indet. (164377) | |
Valanginian | USA (Utah) | Geminiraptor suarezarum (97956) | |
Valanginian - Albian | China (Nei Mongol) | Saurornithoides sp. (46934) | |
Late/Upper Barremian - Early/Lower Aptian | China (Liaoning) | Jianianhualong tengi (67611) Mei long (133789) Sinovenator changii (55685) Sinovenator changii, Daliansaurus liaoningensis, Liaoningvenator curriei (73438) Sinovenator changii, Mei long, Sinusonasus magnodens (53493) Troodontidae indet. (83249) | |
Barremian | China (Hebei) | Jinfengopteryx elegans (156414) | |
Barremian - Aptian | Russian Federation (Kemerovo) | Troodontidae indet. (52808) Troodontidae indet., Urbacodon sp. (167303) | |
Barremian - Aptian | Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk) | Urbacodon sp. (206601 206603) | |
Aptian | Russian Federation (Kemerovo) | Troodontidae indet., Urbacodon sp. (39680) | |
Aptian - Albian | Mongolia (Dornogov) | Troodontidae indet. (32362) | |
Early/Lower Albian | China (Gansu) | Sinornithoides sp. (45166) | |
Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Urbacodon itemirensis (70426) | |
Cenomanian - Santonian | Mongolia (Omnogov) | Troodontidae indet. (55254) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Troodontidae indet. (73862) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Pectinodon asiamericanus (64684) Saurornithoides sp. (64685) | |
Middle Cenomanian | USA (Texas) | Troodontidae indet. (102191) | |
Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Ornithomimidae indet. (58158) | |
Coniacian - Campanian | China (Henan) | Xixiasaurus henanensis (101070) | |
Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | Kazakhstan (Qyzylorda) | Troodontidae indet. (53134) | |
Early/Lower Santonian | Tajikistan (Sogd) | Saurornithoididae indet. (58701) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Utah) | Troodontidae indet. (14413) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Montana) | Troodon sp. (53055 53056) | |
Campanian | China (Nei Mongol) | Linhevenator tani, Philovenator curriei (131828) Papiliovenator neimengguensis (231896) Saurornithoides mongoliensis (46973) Troodontidae indet. (230211) | |
Campanian | Mongolia (Omnogov Aimak) | Saurornithoides mongoliensis (37213) | |
Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Troodon formosus (58808) | |
Campanian | USA (Montana) | Hypsilophodontidae indet. (13281) Troodon formosus (22689 59373) | |
Campanian | Mongolia (Omnogov) | Almas ukhaa (190544) Byronosaurus jaffei (37209) Troodontidae indet. (37211) | |
Campanian | Mongolia (Ömnögovi Aimag) | Troodontidae indet. (130798) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Kazakhstan (Ongtüstik Qazaqstan) | Troodon sp. (59730) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | China (Jilin) | Troodontidae indet. (227000) | |
Judithian | USA (Montana) | Troodon formosus, Theropoda indet. (14453) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Latenivenatrix mcmasterae (46953 229978) Polyodontosaurus grandis (64327) Stenonychosaurus inequalis (34745 45753 59115 59131 59137 184041) Troodon formosus (22659 22695 22697 22698 34307 34309 45264 45671 45892 45893 45897 45898 46951 47784 47807 47811 47812 64325 64326 76030) Troodon sp. (22699 45238 45261 45262 67874 67876 67881 67893 67894 89604 89605) Troodon sp., Troodon formosus (53050) Troodontidae indet. (52656 52991 221937 227125) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Mexico (Coahuila) | Troodon sp. (154244 170939) Troodontidae indet. (24257) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Mexico) | Saurornitholestes robustus (76105 76106 76107) Theropoda indet. (222078) Troodontidae indet. (154661) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Utah) | Troodontidae indet. (131870) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Mexico (Baja California) | Troodon formosus (197021) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Mongolia (Omnogov) | Archaeornithoides deinosauriscus (37009) Dromaeosauridae indet. (45090) Ornithoides oshiensis (46152) Velociraptor sp. (55256) | |
Middle Campanian | USA (Montana) | Troodon formosus (14437) Troodon sp. (25658) | |
Middle Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Saurornithoididae indet. (61470) Troodon formosus (45240 47795 47809) Troodon sp. (47794 67880 67892) | |
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Troodon sp. (14494) Troodontidae indet. (229975) | |
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Montana) | Troodon formosus (14446 14457 14490 50907 59217 64643 69213) Troodon sp. (14434 14462 60518 223339) Troodontidae indet. (167801) | |
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Stenonychosaurus inequalis (179240 179241 179242 179243 179244 179245 179246 217170) Troodon formosus (45821) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Brazil (São Paulo) | Troodontidae indet. (232268 232269) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Troodon sp. (34744 52072 144539 152271 152272) Troodon sp., Albertavenator curriei (152270) | |
Maastrichtian | Portugal (Aveiro) | Troodontidae indet. (75866) | |
Maastrichtian | China (Heilongjiang) | Troodon sp. (37811) | |
Maastrichtian | Mongolia (Omnogov) | Saurornithoides junior (52012) Saurornithoides sp. (37020 168988) Troodontidae indet. (51972) | |
Maastrichtian | Portugal (Coimbra) | Troodontidae indet. (49276) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Romania (Hunedoara) | Troodontidae indet., Bradycneme draculae, Elopteryx nopcsai (59410) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Albertavenator curriei (229870 229966) Troodon formosus (64324) Troodon sp. (55363 60563 96455 135739) Troodontidae indet. (69621 76062 220119) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (Alaska) | Troodon formosus (51889 51892 51893 88975) Troodon sp. (51890) | |
Lancian | USA (South Dakota) | Troodon sp., Saurornithoides mongoliensis (14537 192251) | |
Lancian | USA (North Dakota) | Troodon sp. (14610) | |
Lancian | USA (Montana) | Troodon sp. (14508 14516 14521 14549 14568) Troodon sp., Troodontidae indet. (14582 14650) Troodontidae indet. (14623 14624) | |
Lancian | USA (New Mexico) | Saurornithoididae indet. (14518) | |
Lancian | USA (Wyoming) | Pectinodon bakkeri, Saurornithoides inequalis (14519) Troodon formosus (14542 14543 75298 75435 75442) Troodon sp. (14505) Troodon sp., Troodontidae indet., Pectinodon bakkeri (14566) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Russian Federation (Chukot) | Troodon sp. (59386) Troodontidae indet. sp. 1, Troodontidae indet. sp. 2 (86529) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | China (Henan) | Troodontidae indet. (84996) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Montana) | Pectinodon sp. (183109) Stenonychosaurus inequalis (142326) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Romania (Hunedoara) | Troodontidae indet. (26369 27894 193944 219176) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (North Dakota) | Troodon sp. (45099) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Spain (Cataluña) | Tamarro insperatus (38893) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (New Mexico) | Troodontidae indet. (59068) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | India (Tamil Nadu) | Troodontidae indet. (153666) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Wyoming) | Troodon formosus (26760) Troodon sp., Saurornithoides sp., Pectinodon bakkeri (14585) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Russian Federation (Amur) | Troodon sp. (38134 47029) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (South Dakota) | Troodon sp., Pectinodon bakkeri (224484) Troodontidae indet. (47034) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian - Danian | Slovenia (Obalno-Kraska) | Troodontidae indet. (67198) |