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Chirotherium

Reptilia - Chirotheriidae

Taxonomy

Chirotherium was named by Kaup (1835). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Isochirotherium soergeli.

It was assigned to Thecodontia by Kuhn (1971); to Pseudosuchia by Demathieu and Haubold (1972) and Tongiorgi (1980); to Archosauria by Rainforth (2003); to Crurotarsi by Gand and Demathieu (2005); and to Chirotheriidae by Peabody (1948), Bock (1952), Baird (1954), Kuhn (1958), Kuhn (1963), Kuhn (1966), Haubold (1969), Haubold (1971), Haubold (1974), Gand (1974), Demathieu (1989) and Klein and Lucas (2021).

Synonyms

Chirosaurus was named by Kaup (1835). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Chirotherium by Peabody (1948), Kuhn (1958), Haubold (1969) and Haubold (1971); it was synonymized subjectively with Chirotherium by Klein and Lucas (2021).
Krokodilipus was named by Nopcsa (1923). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Chirotherium by Haubold (1969) and Haubold (1971).
Quadridigitus was named by Biron and Dutuit (1981). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Quadridigitus dubius.

It was synonymized subjectively with Chirotherium by Klein and Lucas (2021).

It was assigned to Amniota by Biron and Dutuit (1981).
Sphingopus was named by Demathieu (1966).

It was synonymized subjectively with Chirotherium by Haubold (1969) and Klein and Lucas (2021).

It was assigned to Parachirotheriidae by Haubold (1971), Demathieu and Haubold (1972) and Haubold (1974); to Theropoda by Gand (1979); to Chirotheriidae by Demathieu (1989); to Ornithosuchidae by Thulborn (1993); and to Crurotarsi by Gand and Demathieu (2005).
Saurichnites was named by Geinitz (1861). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Chirotherium by Peabody (1948), Kuhn (1958) and Haubold (1969); it was synonymized subjectively with Chirotherium by Klein and Lucas (2021).

It was assigned to Chirotheriidae by Bock (1952).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1835	Chirotherium Kaup pp. 327-328
1835	Chirosaurus Kaup p. 328
1861	Saurichnites Geinitz p. 65
1923	Krokodilipus Nopcsa
1948	Chirotherium Peabody p. 340
1952	Saurichnites Bock p. 403
1952	Chirotherium Bock p. 410
1954	Chirotherium Baird p. 167
1958	Chirotherium Kuhn p. 21
1963	Chirotherium Kuhn p. 68
1966	Sphingopus Demathieu p. 485 fig. 2
1966	Chirotherium Kuhn p. 75
1969	Chirotherium Haubold p. 91
1971	Chirotherium Haubold p. 55
1971	Sphingopus Haubold p. 64
1971	Chirotherium Kuhn p. 23
1972	Chirotherium Demathieu and Haubold p. 805
1972	Sphingopus Demathieu and Haubold p. 805
1974	Chirotherium Gand p. 9
1974	Chirotherium Haubold p. 39
1974	Sphingopus Haubold p. 40
1979	Sphingopus Gand p. 9
1980	Chirotherium Tongiorgi p. 81
1981	Quadridigitus Biron and Dutuit p. 407
1989	Chirotherium Demathieu p. 202
1989	Sphingopus Demathieu p. 202
1993	Sphingopus Thulborn p. 461
2003	Chirotherium Rainforth pp. 824-826
2005	Chirotherium Gand and Demathieu p. 726
2005	Sphingopus Gand and Demathieu p. 726
2021	Chirotherium Klein and Lucas p. 21

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967

Rank	Name	Author
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
—	Pseudosuchia	(Zittel 1890)
family	Chirotheriidae	Abel 1935
genus	Chirotherium	Kaup 1835

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Chirotherium Kaup 1835

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†Chirotherium atlensis Biron and Dutuit 1981

†Chirotherium barthii Kaup 1835

Invalid names: Chirotherium bairdi Reig 1961 [synonym], Chirotherium gallicum Willruth 1917 [synonym], Chirotherium higuerensis Rusconi 1952 [synonym], Chirotherium kaupii Owen 1842 [synonym], Chirotherium majus Sickler 1836 [synonym], Chirotherium pfeifferi Soergel 1925 [synonym], Saurichnites auraensis Kirchner 1927 [synonym], Saurichnites gambaensis Schuster 1936 [synonym]

†Chirotherium culmbachense Soergel 1925

†Chirotherium ferox Demathieu 1966

†Chirotherium herculis Egerton 1839

†Chirotherium heterodactylum King 1844

†Chirotherium ischigualastianum Huene 1931

†Chirotherium ladinicus Avanzini and Wachtler 2012

†Chirotherium mediterraneum Demathieu and Durand 1991

†Chirotherium peabodyi Faber 1958

†Chirotherium postchirotherioides Rehnelt 1950

†Chirotherium praeparvum Haubold 1967

†Chirotherium reiteri Moore 1873

†Chirotherium rex Peabody 1948

Invalid names: Chirotherium moquiensis Peabody 1948 [synonym]

†Chirotherium sickleri Kaup 1835

Invalid names: Chirotherium beasleyi Nopcsa 1923 [synonym], Chirotherium bipes Berthold 1835 [synonym], Chirotherium bornemanni Willruth 1917 [synonym], Chirotherium minus Sickler 1836 [synonym]

†Chirotherium soergeli Haubold 1969

†Chirotherium storetonense Morton 1863

†Chirotherium swinnertoni Sarjeant 1970

†Chirotherium vorbachi Kirchner 1927

Invalid names: Chirosaurus Kaup 1835 [synonym], Krokodilipus Nopcsa 1923 [synonym], Quadridigitus Biron and Dutuit 1981 [synonym], Saurichnites Geinitz 1861 [synonym], Sphingopus Demathieu 1966 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
H. Klein and S. G. Lucas 2021	Trackways of quadrupeds or facultative bipeds with pentadactyl pes and manus imprints. Pes imprint with functionally tridactyl, pronounced digit group II– IV; digit III longest; digit I reduced and thinner; pedal digit V positioned slightly laterally behind the digit group I–IV; ratio of manus:pes area in completely preserved specimens = 1:2, up to 3.5. Pace angulation mostly 160°-170°.