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Brontotheriinae

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Brontotheriidae

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1873Brontotheriinae Marsh
1902Brontotheriinae Hay p. 633
1998Brontotheriinae Mader p. 530
2008Brontotheriinae Mader p. 49
2008Brontotheriinae Mihlbachler p. 409
2011Brontotheriinae Mihlbachler p. 203

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
RankNameAuthor
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Scrotifera
Euungulata
Panperissodactyla
superorderPerissodactylamorpha
orderPerissodactyla()
familyBrontotheriidae()
subfamilyBrontotheriinaeMarsh 1873
subfamilyBrontotheriinaeMarsh 1873

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. †Brontotheriinae Marsh 1873
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G. †Acrotitan Ye 1983
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Tr. †Brontotheriini Marsh 1873
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Subtr. †Brontotheriina Marsh 1873
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Unr. †Brontotheriita Marsh 1873
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G. †Dianotitan Chow et al. 1974
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Dianotitan lunanensis Chow and Hu 1959
G. †Duchesneodus Lucas and Schoch 1982
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Duchesneodus uintensis Peterson 1931
G. †Eubrontotherium Mihlbachler 2007
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Eubrontotherium clarnoensis Mihlbachler 2007
G. †Megacerops Leidy 1870
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Megacerops acer Cope 1873
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Invalid names: Symborodon altirostris Cope 1873 [synonym]
Megacerops bucco Cope 1873
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Invalid names: Brontotherium gigas Marsh 1873 [synonym], Brontotherium hatcheri Osborn 1908 [synonym], Brontotherium ingens Marsh 1874 [synonym], Brontotherium leidyi Osborn 1902 [synonym], Brontotherium platyceras Scott and Osborn 1887 [synonym]
Megacerops copei Osborn 1908
Megacerops curtus Marsh 1887
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Invalid names: Menodus peltoceras Cope 1891 [synonym]
Megacerops elatus Marsh 1887
Megacerops kuwagatarhinus Mader and Alexander 1995
Megacerops osborni Schlaikjer 1935
Megacerops riggsi Osborn 1916
Megacerops syceras Cope 1889
Invalid names: Allops Marsh 1887 [synonym], Ateleodon Schlaikjer 1935 [synonym], Brontops Marsh 1887 [synonym], Brontotherium Marsh 1873 [synonym], Diploclonus Marsh 1890 [synonym], Haplacodon Cope 1889 [synonym], Megaceratops Cope 1873 [synonym], Menodus Pomel 1848 [synonym], Menops Marsh 1887 [synonym], Symborodon Cope 1873 [synonym], Teleodus Marsh 1890 [synonym], Titanops Marsh 1887 [synonym], Titanotherium Leidy 1852 [synonym]
G. †Notiotitanops Gazin and Sullivan 1942
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Notiotitanops mississippiensis Gazin and Sullivan 1942
G. †Parabrontops Granger and Gregory 1943
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Parabrontops gobiensis Osborn 1925
Parabrontops lunanensis Chow and Hu 1959
G. †Parvicornus Mihlbachler and Deméré 2009
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Parvicornus occidentalis Mihlbachler and Deméré 2009
G. †Protitanops Stock 1936
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Protitanops curryi Stock 1936
Invalid names: Duchesneodus californicus Stock 1935 [nomen dubium], Duchesneodus primitivum Lambe 1908 [nomen dubium], Duchesneodus thyboi Bjork 1967 [nomen dubium]
G. †Diplacodon Marsh 1875
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Diplacodon elatus Marsh 1875
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Invalid names: Diplacodon progressum Peterson 1934 [synonym], Eotitanotherium osborni Peterson 1914 [synonym]
Diplacodon emarginatus Hatcher 1895
Diplacodon gigan Mihlbachler 2011
Invalid names: Eotitanotherium Peterson 1914 [synonym], Pseudodiplacodon Mader 2000 [synonym]
G. †Epimanteoceras Granger and Gregory 1943
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Epimanteoceras formosus Granger and Gregory 1943
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Invalid names: Dolichorhinoides angustidens Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym]
Epimanteoceras mae Li 2018
Invalid names: Epimanteoceras amplus Yanovskaya 1976 [nomen dubium], Epimanteoceras praecursor Yanovskaya 1953 [nomen dubium]
G. †Pachytitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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Pachytitan ajax Granger and Gregory 1943
G. †Protitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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Protitan bellus Granger and Gregory 1943
Protitan grangeri Osborn 1925
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Invalid names: Dolichorhinus olseni Osborn 1925 [synonym]
Protitan minor Granger and Gregory 1943
Protitan obliquidens Granger and Gregory 1943
Protitan reshetovi Yanovskaya 1980
Protitan robustus Granger and Gregory 1943
Invalid names: Protitan cingulatus Granger and Gregory 1943 [nomen dubium], Protitan major Huang and Zheng 2004 [nomen dubium]
G. †Rhinotitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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Rhinotitan andrewsi Osborn 1925
Rhinotitan kaiseni Osborn 1925
Invalid names: Rhinotitan mongoliensis Osborn 1923 [nomen dubium], Rhinotitan orientalis Yanovskaya 1957 [nomen dubium], Rhinotitan quadridens Xu and Chiu 1962 [nomen dubium], Sivatitanops rugosidens Pilgrim 1925 [nomen dubium]
G. †Microtitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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Microtitan mongoliensis Osborn 1925
Invalid names: Microtitan elongatus Qi 1987 [nomen dubium]
G. †Nanotitanops Qi and Beard 1998
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Nanotitanops shanghuangensis Qi and Beard 1998
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Invalid names: Nanotitan shanghuangensis Qi and Beard 1996 [replaced]
Invalid names: Nanotitan Qi and Beard 1996 [synonym]
Subtr. †Telmatheriina Osborn 1914
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G. †Qufutitan Wang and Wang 1997
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Qufutitan zhoui Wang and Wang 1997
G. †Wickia Mihlbachler 2008
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Wickia brevirhinus Mihlbachler 2008
Invalid names: Metatelmatheriinae Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym]
G. †Bunobrontops Holroyd and Ciochon 2000
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Bunobrontops savagei Holroyd and Ciochon 2000
G. †Desmatotitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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Desmatotitan tukhumensis Granger and Gregory 1943
Tr. †Dolichorhinini Riggs 1912
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G. †Mesatirhinus Osborn 1908
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Invalid names: Mesatirhinus petersoni Osborn 1908 [synonym]
Invalid names: Mesatirhinus junius Leidy 1872 [nomen dubium]
G. †Sphenocoelus Osborn 1895
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Sphenocoelus hyognathus Osborn 1889
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Invalid names: Dolichorhinus longiceps Douglass 1909 [synonym], Sphenocoelus cornutum Osborn 1895 [synonym]
Sphenocoelus intermedius Osborn 1908
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Invalid names: Dolichorhinus fluminalis Riggs 1912 [synonym], Dolichorhinus heterodon Douglass 1909 [synonym], Mesatirhinus superior Riggs 1912 [synonym]
Sphenocoelus uintensis Osborn 1895
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Invalid names: Sphenocoelus blairi Cook 1926 [synonym], Sphenocoelus bridgeri Cook 1926 [synonym], Sphenocoelus harundivoras Cook 1926 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dolichorhinoides Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym], Dolichorhinus Hatcher 1895 [synonym], Tanyorhinus Cook 1926 [synonym]
Invalid names: Rhadinorhininae Osborn 1929 [synonym]
Unr. †Embolotheriita Osborn 1929
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G. †Aktautitan Mihlbachler et al. 2004
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Aktautitan hippopotamopus Mihlbachler et al. 2004
G. †Brachydiastematherium Bockh and Maty 1876
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Brachydiastematherium transylvanicum Bockh and Maty 1876
G. †Embolotherium Osborn 1929
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Embolotherium andrewsi Osborn 1929
Embolotherium grangeri Osborn 1929
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Invalid names: Embolotherium insigne Yanovskaya 1980 [synonym], Embolotherium loucksii Osborn 1929 [synonym], Titanodectes ingens Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym], Titanodectes minor Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym]
Embolotherium ultimum Granger and Gregory 1943
G. †Gnathotitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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Gnathotitan berkeyi Osborn 1925
G. †Maobrontops Averianov et al. 2018
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Maobrontops paganus Averianov et al. 2018
G. †Metatitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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Metatitan khaitshinus Yanovskaya 1954
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Invalid names: Metatitan reshetovi Yanovskaya 1980 [synonym]
Metatitan primus Granger and Gregory 1943
Metatitan relictus Granger and Gregory 1943
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Invalid names: Protitan khaitshinus Yanovskaya 1980 [synonym]
G. †Nasamplus Mihlbachler 2008
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Nasamplus progressus Granger and Gregory 1943
G. †Pollyosbornia Mihlbachler 2008
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Pollyosbornia altidens Osborn 1908
G. †Protembolotherium Yanovskaya 1954
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Protembolotherium efremovi Yanovskaya 1954
G. †Pygmaetitan Miao 1982
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G. †Metarhinus Osborn 1908
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Metarhinus abbotti Riggs 1912
Metarhinus diploconus Osborn 1895
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Invalid names: Rhadinorhinus abbotti Riggs 1912 [synonym]
Metarhinus fluviatilis Osborn 1908
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Invalid names: Metarhinus riparius Riggs 1912 [synonym]
Metarhinus pater Stock 1937
Invalid names: Heterotitanops Peterson 1914 [synonym], Metarhinus cristatus Riggs 1912 [nomen dubium], Metarhinus earlei Osborn 1908 [nomen dubium], Rhadinorhinus Riggs 1912 [synonym], Telmatherium accola Cook 1926 [nomen dubium], Telmatherium advocata Cook 1926 [nomen dubium]
G. †Protitanotherium Osborn 1908
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+
Invalid names: Protitanotherium superbum Osborn 1908 [synonym], Sthenodectes australis Wilson 1977 [synonym]
Invalid names: Protitanotherium koreanicum Takai 1939 [nomen dubium]
G. †Telmatherium Marsh 1872
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Telmatherium validum Marsh 1872
Telmatherium validus Marsh 1872
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Invalid names: Telmatherium cultridens Osborn et al. 1878 [synonym], Telmatherium manteoceras Matthew 1899 [synonym], Telmatherium washakiensis Osborn 1908 [synonym]
Invalid names: Leurocephalus Osborn et al. 1878 [synonym], Manteoceras Hatcher 1895 [synonym], Telmatotherium Marsh 1872 [synonym]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
B. J. Mader 2008Brontotheres distinguished from all others by the presence of a widened cranial vertex, long, triangular projection of the frontal overlapping the nasal, and a bony prominence or horn over the facial concavity.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingf
Diet: browserf
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2005-08-31 14:53:16
Modified: 2005-08-31 16:53:16
Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Mader 1998, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002

Age range: base of the Bridgerian to the top of the Early/Lower Oligocene or 50.30000 to 28.40000 Ma

Collections (155 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Eocene56.0 - 33.9China (shaanxi) Arctotitan hongoensis (42687)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6USA (Utah) Teleodus uintensis (16859)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6China (Inner Mongolia) Microtitan elongatus (195167)
Bridgerian50.3 - 46.2USA (New Mexico) Manteoceras sp. (16197) Telmatherium manteoceras (16230)
Bridgerian50.3 - 46.2USA (Wyoming) Manteoceras manteoceras (16193 16235 16244 16407 16427) Mesatirhinus megarhinus (16420) Mesatirhinus petersoni (16200 16404) Mesatirhinus sp. (16502) Mesatirhinus sp., Telmatherium sp. (16647) Telmatherium cultridens (16236 16406 16424) Telmatherium cultridens, Telmatherium validum (16213) Telmatherium sp. (202164)
Irdinmanhan48.6 - 37.2China (Nei Mongol) Protitanotherium mongoliense (109067)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2China (Yunnan) Parabrontops lunanensis, Rhinotitan quadridens (36668) Protitan major (174964)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2China (Jiangsu) Nanotitan shanghuangensis (37493)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2China (Guangxi) Protitan sp. (190963)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2China (Nei Mongol) Dolichorhinoides angustidens, Epimanteoceras formosus, Desmatotitan tukhumensis, Protitan bellus, Microtitan mongoliensis, Brontotheriidae indet. (28792) Protitan sp. (174720 174721)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2China (Xinjiang) Epimanteoceras mae (188312)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2China (Henan) Microtitan sp., Rhinotitan grangeri (46193)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2China (Shandong) Qufutitan zhoui (175281)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2Kazakhstan Aktautitan hippopotamopus (180389)
Middle Eocene48.6 - 37.2USA (Oregon) Eubrontotherium clarnoensis, Protitanops sp. (16842)
Sharamurunian48.6 - 37.2Russian Federation Rhinotitan orientalis (192038)
Sharamurunian48.6 - 37.2China (Shanxi) Protitanotherium mongoliense (42193) Protitanotherium mongoliense, Rhinotitan mongoliensis (42194) Rhinotitan mongoliensis (42198)
Sharamurunian48.6 - 37.2China (Henan) Protitanotherium mongoliense (41120)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene48.6 - 33.9Mongolia Protitan sp. (39810)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Romania Brachydiastematherium transylvanicum (193606)
Lutetian - Bartonian47.8 - 38.0China (Guangdong) Maobrontops paganus (151737)
Early/Lower Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (California) Brontotheriidae indet. (16670) Metarhinus pater (16665 16666 16671 16674 16675 16679 16680 16687 16706 16707 16729)
Early/Lower Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (Texas) Protitanotherium emarginatum (16651)
Early/Lower Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (Wyoming) Wickia brevirhinus (186968)
Early/Lower Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (Colorado) Metarhinus sp., Mesatirhinus junius, Sphenocoelus uintensis, Telmatherium advocata, Wickia brevirhinus, Telmatherium acola (16623)
Late/Upper Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (Texas) Brontotheriidae indet. (16542)
Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (Utah) Diplacodon progressum (16625) Diploceras osborni (16608) Dolichorhinus fluminalis (16548) Dolichorhinus longiceps, Heterotitanops parvus (16655) Dolichorhinus sp., Rhadinorhinus sp. (16659) Mesatirhinus superior, Metarhinus fluviatilis, Dolichorhinus longiceps, Rhadinorhinus abbotti (16656) Protitanotherium sp. (16531) Protitanotherium sp., Diplacodon emarginatus, Diplacodon sp. (16589) Protitanotherium sp., Diplacodon sp. (16594) Rhadinorhinus sp., Dolichorhinus cornutum (16646)
Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (California) Duchesneodus sp. (16510 16603) Metarhinus pater (16509)
Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (Wyoming) Metarhinus sp., Sphenocoelus uintensis, Dolichorhinus sp. (16648) Telmatherium altidens (16596 16597)
Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (Texas) Protitanotherium emarginatum (16652)
Uintan46.2 - 40.4USA (New Mexico) Protitanotherium superbum (16600)
Uintan - Duchesnean46.2 - 37.2USA (New Mexico) Diplacodon sp. (16879)
Late/Upper Uintan - Chadronian46.2 - 33.9Canada (British Columbia) Brontotheriina indet. (186955)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0Myanmar Eotitanotherium lahirii, Bunobrontops savagei, Sivatitanops rugosidens (41331) Eotitanotherium lahirii, Sivatitanops rugosidens (41179)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (Mississippi) Notiotitanops mississippiensis (80887)
Duchesnean40.4 - 37.2USA (New Mexico) Teleodus uintensis (16866 16869 16875)
Duchesnean40.4 - 37.2USA (South Dakota) Teleodus thyboi (16823 16825)
Duchesnean40.4 - 37.2USA (Wyoming) Telmatherium cultridens (16826)
Duchesnean40.4 - 37.2USA (California) Brontotheriidae indet. (16850) Duchesneodus californicus (16803 16806 16808 16812) Duchesneodus sp. (16782) Duchesneodus uintensis (16844) Parvicornus occidentalis (129887 129888 129891) Teleodus californicus (16810 16818)
Duchesnean40.4 - 37.2USA (Utah) Teleodus uintensis (16861)
Duchesnean40.4 - 37.2USA (Texas) Duchesneodus sp. (16835 16838) Duchesneodus uintensis (16855 16856 16857) Menodus bakeri (16830) Menodus bakeri, Teleodus sp. (16828)
Priabonian38.0 - 33.9Romania (Cluj) Brachydiastematherium transilvanicum (221119)
Priabonian38.0 - 33.9USA (Georgia) Brontotheriidae indet. (45640)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9Canada (Saskatchewan) Megacerops sp. (16919 16999) Menodus angustigenis, Menodus proutii, Menodus selwynianus, Menodus syceras (101961)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Utah) Allops marshi (16948)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (South Dakota) Allops serotinus, Brontops robustus, Brontotherium curtum, Megacerops marshi (17006) Allops walcotti (16936) Brontops brachycephalus (16937) Brontops dispar, Megacerops brachycephalus (17012) Brontotherium hatcheri (16978) Brontotherium leidyi (16899) Megacerops bicornutus (17013) Megacerops tyleri (16900) Menodus giganteus, Menodus giganteus (16938) Teleodus avus (168799)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9Mexico (Chihuahua) Brontops brachycephalus (17015)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Colorado) Megaceratops acer, Megaceratops helocerus, Megacerops riggsi, Symborodon bucco, Symborodon torvus (16977) Megacerops kuwagatarhinus (17005)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Nebraska) Brontops brachycephalus (16929) Brontops dispar (17040)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (California) Protitanops curryi, Menodontinae indet. (17029)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Texas) Menodus bakeri (16931 17016)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Montana) Megacerops kuwagatarhinus (16926)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Wyoming) Allops marshi (16971) Brontops sp. (16896) Megacerops osborni, Menodus sp. (17045) Menodus heloceras (16920)
Early/Lower Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Montana) Menodus sp. (68415)
Early/Lower Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Wyoming) Menodus heloceras (16904)
Late/Upper Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Colorado) Megacerops sp. (85117)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9Mongolia (Dornogov) Embolotherium sp. (38303 38309 174716)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9China (Nei Mongol) Embolotherium andrewsi (174914) Metatitan sp. (182572 182573 182574)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9China (Guizhou) Pygmaetitan panxianensis (188311)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9North Korea (Hwanghae-do) Protitan koreanicum, Protitanotherium koreanicum (48621)
Middle Chadronian - Late/Upper Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Colorado) Megacerops sp. (156988)
Ulangochuian37.2 - 33.9China (Nei Mongol) Embolotherium andrewsi (73810) Embolotherium grangeri (73809) Embolotherium loucksii (73811) Embolotherium sp. (73808)
Late/Upper Eocene - Oligocene37.2 - 23.03North Korea (Kokai-do) Protitanotherium koreanicum (13997)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4China (Nei Mongol) Embolotherium grangeri (174915 180729)