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Brontotheriinae
Taxonomy
Brontotheriinae was named by Marsh (1873). Its type is Brontotherium.
It was assigned to Brontotheriidae by Hay (1902), Mader (2008) and Mihlbachler (2008); and to Brontotheridae by Mader (1998) and Mihlbachler (2011).
It was assigned to Brontotheriidae by Hay (1902), Mader (2008) and Mihlbachler (2008); and to Brontotheridae by Mader (1998) and Mihlbachler (2011).
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1873 | Brontotheriinae Marsh |
1902 | Brontotheriinae Hay p. 633 |
1998 | Brontotheriinae Mader p. 530 |
2008 | Brontotheriinae Mader p. 49 |
2008 | Brontotheriinae Mihlbachler p. 409 |
2011 | Brontotheriinae Mihlbachler p. 203 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. †Brontotheriinae Marsh 1873
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Tr. †Brontotheriini Marsh 1873
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Subtr. †Brontotheriina Marsh 1873
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Unr. †Brontotheriita Marsh 1873
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G. †Megacerops Leidy 1870
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†Megacerops assiniboiensis Lambe 1908
†Megacerops bucco Cope 1873
†Megacerops coloradensis Leidy 1870
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Invalid names: Brontotherium gigas Marsh 1873 [synonym], Brontotherium hatcheri Osborn 1908 [synonym], Brontotherium ingens Marsh 1874 [synonym], Brontotherium leidyi Osborn 1902 [synonym], Brontotherium platyceras Scott and Osborn 1887 [synonym]
†Megacerops copei Osborn 1908
†Megacerops elatus Marsh 1887
†Megacerops kuwagatarhinus Mader and Alexander 1995
†Megacerops osborni Schlaikjer 1935
†Megacerops riggsi Osborn 1916
†Megacerops syceras Cope 1889
Invalid names: Allops Marsh 1887 [synonym], Ateleodon Schlaikjer 1935 [synonym], Brontops Marsh 1887 [synonym], Brontotherium Marsh 1873 [synonym], Diploclonus Marsh 1890 [synonym], Haplacodon Cope 1889 [synonym], Megaceratops Cope 1873 [synonym], Menodus Pomel 1848 [synonym], Menops Marsh 1887 [synonym], Symborodon Cope 1873 [synonym], Teleodus Marsh 1890 [synonym], Titanops Marsh 1887 [synonym], Titanotherium Leidy 1852 [synonym]
G. †Parabrontops Granger and Gregory 1943
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†Parabrontops gobiensis Osborn 1925
†Parabrontops lunanensis Chow and Hu 1959
Invalid names: Duchesneodus californicus Stock 1935 [nomen dubium], Duchesneodus primitivum Lambe 1908 [nomen dubium], Duchesneodus thyboi Bjork 1967 [nomen dubium]
G. †Diplacodon Marsh 1875
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†Diplacodon elatus Marsh 1875
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Invalid names: Diplacodon progressum Peterson 1934 [synonym], Eotitanotherium osborni Peterson 1914 [synonym]
†Diplacodon emarginatus Hatcher 1895
†Diplacodon gigan Mihlbachler 2011
Invalid names: Eotitanotherium Peterson 1914 [synonym], Pseudodiplacodon Mader 2000 [synonym]
G. †Epimanteoceras Granger and Gregory 1943
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†Epimanteoceras formosus Granger and Gregory 1943
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Invalid names: Dolichorhinoides angustidens Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym]
†Epimanteoceras mae Li 2018
Invalid names: Epimanteoceras amplus Yanovskaya 1976 [nomen dubium], Epimanteoceras praecursor Yanovskaya 1953 [nomen dubium]
G. †Protitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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†Protitan bellus Granger and Gregory 1943
†Protitan minor Granger and Gregory 1943
†Protitan obliquidens Granger and Gregory 1943
†Protitan reshetovi Yanovskaya 1980
†Protitan robustus Granger and Gregory 1943
Invalid names: Protitan cingulatus Granger and Gregory 1943 [nomen dubium], Protitan major Huang and Zheng 2004 [nomen dubium]
G. †Rhinotitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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†Rhinotitan andrewsi Osborn 1925
†Rhinotitan kaiseni Osborn 1925
Invalid names: Rhinotitan mongoliensis Osborn 1923 [nomen dubium], Rhinotitan orientalis Yanovskaya 1957 [nomen dubium], Rhinotitan quadridens Xu and Chiu 1962 [nomen dubium], Sivatitanops rugosidens Pilgrim 1925 [nomen dubium]
G. †Microtitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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†Microtitan mongoliensis Osborn 1925
Invalid names: Microtitan elongatus Qi 1987 [nomen dubium]
G. †Nanotitanops Qi and Beard 1998
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†Nanotitanops shanghuangensis Qi and Beard 1998
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Invalid names: Nanotitan shanghuangensis Qi and Beard 1996 [replaced]
Invalid names: Nanotitan Qi and Beard 1996 [synonym]
Subtr. †Telmatheriina Osborn 1914
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Invalid names: Metatelmatheriinae Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym]
Tr. †Dolichorhinini Riggs 1912
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G. †Sphenocoelus Osborn 1895
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†Sphenocoelus hyognathus Osborn 1889
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Invalid names: Dolichorhinus longiceps Douglass 1909 [synonym], Sphenocoelus cornutum Osborn 1895 [synonym]
†Sphenocoelus intermedius Osborn 1908
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Invalid names: Dolichorhinus fluminalis Riggs 1912 [synonym], Dolichorhinus heterodon Douglass 1909 [synonym], Mesatirhinus superior Riggs 1912 [synonym]
†Sphenocoelus uintensis Osborn 1895
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Invalid names: Sphenocoelus blairi Cook 1926 [synonym], Sphenocoelus bridgeri Cook 1926 [synonym], Sphenocoelus harundivoras Cook 1926 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dolichorhinoides Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym], Dolichorhinus Hatcher 1895 [synonym], Tanyorhinus Cook 1926 [synonym]
Invalid names: Rhadinorhininae Osborn 1929 [synonym]
Unr. †Embolotheriita Osborn 1929
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G. †Brachydiastematherium Bockh and Maty 1876
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†Brachydiastematherium transylvanicum Bockh and Maty 1876
G. †Embolotherium Osborn 1929
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†Embolotherium andrewsi Osborn 1929
†Embolotherium grangeri Osborn 1929
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Invalid names: Embolotherium insigne Yanovskaya 1980 [synonym], Embolotherium loucksii Osborn 1929 [synonym], Titanodectes ingens Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym], Titanodectes minor Granger and Gregory 1943 [synonym]
†Embolotherium ultimum Granger and Gregory 1943
G. †Metatitan Granger and Gregory 1943
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†Metatitan khaitshinus Yanovskaya 1954
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Invalid names: Metatitan reshetovi Yanovskaya 1980 [synonym]
†Metatitan primus Granger and Gregory 1943
†Metatitan relictus Granger and Gregory 1943
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Invalid names: Protitan khaitshinus Yanovskaya 1980 [synonym]
G. †Metarhinus Osborn 1908
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†Metarhinus abbotti Riggs 1912
†Metarhinus pater Stock 1937
Invalid names: Heterotitanops Peterson 1914 [synonym], Metarhinus cristatus Riggs 1912 [nomen dubium], Metarhinus earlei Osborn 1908 [nomen dubium], Rhadinorhinus Riggs 1912 [synonym], Telmatherium accola Cook 1926 [nomen dubium], Telmatherium advocata Cook 1926 [nomen dubium]
G. †Protitanotherium Osborn 1908
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†Protitanotherium emarginatum Hatcher 1895
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Invalid names: Protitanotherium superbum Osborn 1908 [synonym], Sthenodectes australis Wilson 1977 [synonym]
Invalid names: Protitanotherium koreanicum Takai 1939 [nomen dubium]
G. †Telmatherium Marsh 1872
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†Telmatherium megarhinum Earle 1891
†Telmatherium validum Marsh 1872
†Telmatherium validus Marsh 1872
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Invalid names: Telmatherium cultridens Osborn et al. 1878 [synonym], Telmatherium manteoceras Matthew 1899 [synonym], Telmatherium washakiensis Osborn 1908 [synonym]
Invalid names: Leurocephalus Osborn et al. 1878 [synonym], Manteoceras Hatcher 1895 [synonym], Telmatotherium Marsh 1872 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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B. J. Mader 2008 | Brontotheres distinguished from all others by the presence of a widened cranial vertex, long, triangular projection of the frontal overlapping the nasal, and a bony prominence or horn over the facial concavity. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Mader 1998, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002 |
Age range: base of the Bridgerian to the top of the Early/Lower Oligocene or 50.30000 to 28.40000 Ma
Collections (155 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Eocene | China (shaanxi) | Arctotitan hongoensis (42687) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Utah) | Teleodus uintensis (16859) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | China (Inner Mongolia) | Microtitan elongatus (195167) | |
Bridgerian | USA (New Mexico) | Manteoceras sp. (16197) Telmatherium manteoceras (16230) | |
Bridgerian | USA (Wyoming) | Manteoceras manteoceras (16193 16235 16244 16407 16427) Mesatirhinus megarhinus (16420) Mesatirhinus petersoni (16200 16404) Mesatirhinus sp. (16502) Mesatirhinus sp., Telmatherium sp. (16647) Telmatherium cultridens (16236 16406 16424) Telmatherium cultridens, Telmatherium validum (16213) Telmatherium sp. (202164) | |
Irdinmanhan | China (Nei Mongol) | Protitanotherium mongoliense (109067) | |
Middle Eocene | China (Yunnan) | Parabrontops lunanensis, Rhinotitan quadridens (36668) Protitan major (174964) | |
Middle Eocene | China (Jiangsu) | Nanotitan shanghuangensis (37493) | |
Middle Eocene | China (Guangxi) | Protitan sp. (190963) | |
Middle Eocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Dolichorhinoides angustidens, Epimanteoceras formosus, Desmatotitan tukhumensis, Protitan bellus, Microtitan mongoliensis, Brontotheriidae indet. (28792) Protitan sp. (174720 174721) | |
Middle Eocene | China (Xinjiang) | Epimanteoceras mae (188312) | |
Middle Eocene | China (Henan) | Microtitan sp., Rhinotitan grangeri (46193) | |
Middle Eocene | China (Shandong) | Qufutitan zhoui (175281) | |
Middle Eocene | Kazakhstan | Aktautitan hippopotamopus (180389) | |
Middle Eocene | USA (Oregon) | Eubrontotherium clarnoensis, Protitanops sp. (16842) | |
Sharamurunian | Russian Federation | Rhinotitan orientalis (192038) | |
Sharamurunian | China (Shanxi) | Protitanotherium mongoliense (42193) Protitanotherium mongoliense, Rhinotitan mongoliensis (42194) Rhinotitan mongoliensis (42198) | |
Sharamurunian | China (Henan) | Protitanotherium mongoliense (41120) | |
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene | Mongolia | Protitan sp. (39810) | |
Lutetian | Romania | Brachydiastematherium transylvanicum (193606) | |
Lutetian - Bartonian | China (Guangdong) | Maobrontops paganus (151737) | |
Early/Lower Uintan | USA (California) | Brontotheriidae indet. (16670) Metarhinus pater (16665 16666 16671 16674 16675 16679 16680 16687 16706 16707 16729) | |
Early/Lower Uintan | USA (Texas) | Protitanotherium emarginatum (16651) | |
Early/Lower Uintan | USA (Wyoming) | Wickia brevirhinus (186968) | |
Early/Lower Uintan | USA (Colorado) | Metarhinus sp., Mesatirhinus junius, Sphenocoelus uintensis, Telmatherium advocata, Wickia brevirhinus, Telmatherium acola (16623) | |
Late/Upper Uintan | USA (Texas) | Brontotheriidae indet. (16542) | |
Uintan | USA (Utah) | Diplacodon progressum (16625) Diploceras osborni (16608) Dolichorhinus fluminalis (16548) Dolichorhinus longiceps, Heterotitanops parvus (16655) Dolichorhinus sp., Rhadinorhinus sp. (16659) Mesatirhinus superior, Metarhinus fluviatilis, Dolichorhinus longiceps, Rhadinorhinus abbotti (16656) Protitanotherium sp. (16531) Protitanotherium sp., Diplacodon emarginatus, Diplacodon sp. (16589) Protitanotherium sp., Diplacodon sp. (16594) Rhadinorhinus sp., Dolichorhinus cornutum (16646) | |
Uintan | USA (California) | Duchesneodus sp. (16510 16603) Metarhinus pater (16509) | |
Uintan | USA (Wyoming) | Metarhinus sp., Sphenocoelus uintensis, Dolichorhinus sp. (16648) Telmatherium altidens (16596 16597) | |
Uintan | USA (Texas) | Protitanotherium emarginatum (16652) | |
Uintan | USA (New Mexico) | Protitanotherium superbum (16600) | |
Uintan - Duchesnean | USA (New Mexico) | Diplacodon sp. (16879) | |
Late/Upper Uintan - Chadronian | Canada (British Columbia) | Brontotheriina indet. (186955) | |
Bartonian | Myanmar | Eotitanotherium lahirii, Bunobrontops savagei, Sivatitanops rugosidens (41331) Eotitanotherium lahirii, Sivatitanops rugosidens (41179) | |
Bartonian | USA (Mississippi) | Notiotitanops mississippiensis (80887) | |
Duchesnean | USA (New Mexico) | Teleodus uintensis (16866 16869 16875) | |
Duchesnean | USA (South Dakota) | Teleodus thyboi (16823 16825) | |
Duchesnean | USA (Wyoming) | Telmatherium cultridens (16826) | |
Duchesnean | USA (California) | Brontotheriidae indet. (16850) Duchesneodus californicus (16803 16806 16808 16812) Duchesneodus sp. (16782) Duchesneodus uintensis (16844) Parvicornus occidentalis (129887 129888 129891) Teleodus californicus (16810 16818) | |
Duchesnean | USA (Utah) | Teleodus uintensis (16861) | |
Duchesnean | USA (Texas) | Duchesneodus sp. (16835 16838) Duchesneodus uintensis (16855 16856 16857) Menodus bakeri (16830) Menodus bakeri, Teleodus sp. (16828) | |
Priabonian | Romania (Cluj) | Brachydiastematherium transilvanicum (221119) | |
Priabonian | USA (Georgia) | Brontotheriidae indet. (45640) | |
Chadronian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Megacerops sp. (16919 16999) Menodus angustigenis, Menodus proutii, Menodus selwynianus, Menodus syceras (101961) | |
Chadronian | USA (Utah) | Allops marshi (16948) | |
Chadronian | USA (South Dakota) | Allops serotinus, Brontops robustus, Brontotherium curtum, Megacerops marshi (17006) Allops walcotti (16936) Brontops brachycephalus (16937) Brontops dispar, Megacerops brachycephalus (17012) Brontotherium hatcheri (16978) Brontotherium leidyi (16899) Megacerops bicornutus (17013) Megacerops tyleri (16900) Menodus giganteus, Menodus giganteus (16938) Teleodus avus (168799) | |
Chadronian | Mexico (Chihuahua) | Brontops brachycephalus (17015) | |
Chadronian | USA (Colorado) | Megaceratops acer, Megaceratops helocerus, Megacerops riggsi, Symborodon bucco, Symborodon torvus (16977) Megacerops kuwagatarhinus (17005) | |
Chadronian | USA (Nebraska) | Brontops brachycephalus (16929) Brontops dispar (17040) | |
Chadronian | USA (California) | Protitanops curryi, Menodontinae indet. (17029) | |
Chadronian | USA (Texas) | Menodus bakeri (16931 17016) | |
Chadronian | USA (Montana) | Megacerops kuwagatarhinus (16926) | |
Chadronian | USA (Wyoming) | Allops marshi (16971) Brontops sp. (16896) Megacerops osborni, Menodus sp. (17045) Menodus heloceras (16920) | |
Early/Lower Chadronian | USA (Montana) | Menodus sp. (68415) | |
Early/Lower Chadronian | USA (Wyoming) | Menodus heloceras (16904) | |
Late/Upper Chadronian | USA (Colorado) | Megacerops sp. (85117) | |
Late/Upper Eocene | Mongolia (Dornogov) | Embolotherium sp. (38303 38309 174716) | |
Late/Upper Eocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Embolotherium andrewsi (174914) Metatitan sp. (182572 182573 182574) | |
Late/Upper Eocene | China (Guizhou) | Pygmaetitan panxianensis (188311) | |
Late/Upper Eocene | North Korea (Hwanghae-do) | Protitan koreanicum, Protitanotherium koreanicum (48621) | |
Middle Chadronian - Late/Upper Chadronian | USA (Colorado) | Megacerops sp. (156988) | |
Ulangochuian | China (Nei Mongol) | Embolotherium andrewsi (73810) Embolotherium grangeri (73809) Embolotherium loucksii (73811) Embolotherium sp. (73808) | |
Late/Upper Eocene - Oligocene | North Korea (Kokai-do) | Protitanotherium koreanicum (13997) | |
Early/Lower Oligocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Embolotherium grangeri (174915 180729) |