PBDB Taxon

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Equinae

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae

Taxonomy

Equinae was named by Steinmann and Döderlein (1890) [also attributed to Gray 1821]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by MacFadden (1998).

It was assigned to Equidae by Hay (1902), Gidley (1907), Lance (1950), Quinn (1955), Forsten (1975), Manning and MacFadden (1989), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Baskin (1991), Koufos (1992), Kelly (1995), Prado and Alberdi (1996), MacFadden (1998), Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquía-Villafranca (2006), Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquia-Villafranca (2008), Alberdi et al. (2014), Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. (2014) and Dos Santos Avilla et al. (2015).

Subtaxa

Acritohippus, Calippini, Equini, Hipparionini, Hippodon, Hippotheriini, Merychippus, Protohippini, Scaphohippus, Stylonus

Synonyms

Hippodon was named by Leidy (1854).

It was reranked as Hipparion (Hippodon) by Leidy (1856); it was considered an invalid subgroup of Equinae by Skinner and Taylor (1967); it was synonymized subjectively with Pseudhipparion by Webb (1969); it was considered a nomen nudum by Osborn (1918); it was considered a nomen dubium by Stirton (1940); it was considered a nomen dubium by Storer (1975) and Macdonald (1992).

It was assigned to Equidae by Leidy (1854); to Hipparion by Leidy (1856); and to Protohippini by Quinn (1955).
Stylonus was named by Cope (1878).

It was synonymized subjectively with Hippotherium by Wortman (1883), Cope (1886) and Cope (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Hipparion by Matthew (1889), Trouessart (1898) and Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Neohipparion by Trouessart (1905); it was synonymized subjectively with Merychippus by Gidley (1907), Matthew (1909), Osborn (1918), Matthew (1924), Hay (1930), Stirton (1940), Downs (1956) and Downs (1961); it was synonymized subjectively with Pliohippus by Quinn (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992), Kelly (1995) and Kelly (1998).

It was assigned to Perissodactyla by Cope (1878).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1854	Hippodon Leidy p. 90
1856	Hipparion (Hippodon) Leidy p. 311
1878	Stylonus Cope
1890	Equinae Steinmann and Döderlein
1902	Equinae Hay p. 616
1907	Equinae Gidley p. 867
1950	Equinae Lance
1955	Equinae Quinn
1955	Hippodon Quinn p. 13
1975	Equinae Forsten p. 22
1988	Stylonus Kelly and Lander
1989	Equinae Manning and MacFadden p. 37
1989	Equinae Prothero and Schoch p. 531
1991	Equinae Baskin p. 999
1992	Equinae Koufos
1995	Equinae Kelly p. 3
1996	Equinae Prado and Alberdi p. 676
1998	Equinae MacFadden p. 547
2006	Equinae Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquía-Villafranca p. 776
2008	Equinae Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquia-Villafranca
2014	Equinae Alberdi et al.
2014	Equinae Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. p. 204
2015	Equinae Dos Santos Avilla et al. pp. 925909-3

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Panperissodactyla
superorder	Perissodactylamorpha
order	Perissodactyla	()
superfamily	Equoidea
family	Equidae
subfamily	Equinae
subfamily	Equinae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. Equinae Steinmann and Döderlein 1890

show all | hide all

G. †Acritohippus Kelly 1995

†Acritohippus isonesus Cope 1889

†Merychippus isonesus quartus Osborn 1918

†Merychippus isonesus tertius Osborn 1918

Invalid names: Merychippus praecocidens Russell 1933 [synonym]

†Acritohippus quinni Kelly 1995

†Acritohippus stylodontus Merriam 1919

†Acritohippus tertius Osborn 1918

†Merychippus isonesus quintus Osborn 1918

Tr. Equini Quinn 1955 [horse]

G. †Allohippus Kretzoi 1938

†Allohippus stenonis Cocchi 1867

†Equus stenonis mygdoniensis Koufos 1992

†Equus stenonis granatensis Bustos 1976

G. †Boreohippidion Dos Santos Avilla et al. 2015

†Boreohippidion galushai MacFadden and Skinner 1979

G. †Calippus Matthew and Stirton 1930

Subg. †Calippus (Calippus) Matthew and Stirton 1930

Subg. †Calippus (Grammohippus) Hulbert, Jr. 1988

†Calippus cerasinus Hulbert, Jr. 1988

†Calippus circulus Quinn 1955

†Calippus elachistus Hulbert, Jr. 1988

†Calippus hondurensis Olson and McGrew 1941

Invalid names: Calippus castilli Cope 1886 [synonym]

†Calippus maccartyi Hulbert, Jr. 1988

†Calippus martini Hesse 1936

Invalid names: Equus laparensis Quinn 1955 [synonym]

†Calippus placidus Leidy 1869

Invalid names: Calippus optimus Quinn 1955 [synonym]

†Calippus proplacidus Osborn 1918

Invalid names: Calippus francisi Hay 1924 [synonym]

†Calippus regulus Johnston 1937

Invalid names: Calippus anatinus Quinn 1955 [synonym]

G. †Dinohippus Quinn 1955

†Dinohippus interpolatus Cope 1893

†Dinohippus leardi Drescher 1941

†Dinohippus leidyanus Osborn 1918

Invalid names: Pliohippus edensis Frick 1921 [synonym]

†Dinohippus mexicanus Lance 1950

Invalid names: Equus (Dolichohippus) mesamexicanus Mooser 1973 [synonym], Hippotigris ocotensis Mooser 1958 [synonym], Protohippus muelleri Mooser 1964 [synonym]

†Dinohippus osborni Frick 1921

†Dinohippus spectans Cope 1880

†Dinohippus subvenus Quinn 1955

G. Equus Linnaeus 1758 [horse]

†Equus (Asinus) cumminsi Cope 1893

Subg. Equus (Hemionus) Stehlin and Graziosi 1935

Equus (Hemionus) hemionus Pallas 1775 [onager]

Subg. †Equus (Hesperohippus) Hibbard 1955

†Equus (Hesperohippus) mexicanus Hibbard 1955

Invalid names: Equus midlandensis Quinn 1957 [synonym], Onager oviedoi Mooser 1959 [synonym]

Subg. †Equus (Sussemionus) Eisenmann 2010

†Equus (Sussemionus) suessenbornensis Wüst 1901

Equus africanus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [African wild ass]

Equus africanus africanus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [Nubian wild ass]

Equus africanus somaliensis Noack 1884 [Somali wild ass]

Invalid names: Equus asinus aethiopicus Denman 1957 [synonym]

Invalid names: Equus africanus somalicus Sclater 1884 [synonym]

†Equus alaskae Winans 1989

Invalid names: Equus lambei Hay 1917 [synonym]

Equus asinus Linnaeus 1758 [donkey]

†Equus australis Moreno 1888

Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758 [horse]

Equus caballus ferus Boddaert 1785

Invalid names: Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus Lund 1840 [synonym], Equus hippagrus Smith 1841 [synonym]

†Equus calobatus Troxell 1915

†Equus capensis Broom 1909

†Equus cedralensis Alberdi et al. 2014

†Equus coliemensis Lazarev 1980

†Equus complicatus Leidy 1858

Invalid names: Equus americanus Leidy 1847 [replaced], Equus eous Cope 1895 [synonym], Equus major DeKay 1842 [synonym]

†Equus conversidens Owen 1869

Invalid names: Equus barcenaei Cope 1884 [synonym], Onager zoyatalis Mooser 1959 [synonym]

†Equus eisenmannae Qiu et al. 2004

†Equus excelsus Leidy 1858

Invalid names: Asinus aguascalentensis Mooser 1959 [synonym], Onager arellanoi Mooser 1959 [synonym], Onager hibbardi Mooser 1959 [synonym]

†Equus francisci Hay 1915

Invalid names: Equus (Asinus) calobatus Troxell 1915 [synonym], Equus arrelanoi Mooser 1958 [synonym], Equus quinni Slaughter et al. 1962 [synonym]

†Equus fraternus Leidy 1858

†Equus fromanius Repenning et al. 1995

†Equus giganteus Gidley 1901

†Equus holmesi Hay 1920

†Equus intermedius Rütimeyer 1877

†Equus intermedius Cope 1895

†Equus jubatus Hay 1927

†Equus laurentius Hay 1913

†Equus mexicanus Hibbard 1955

Invalid names: Equus occidentalis Leidy 1865 [synonym], Equus pacificus Leidy 1868 [synonym], Equus scotti Gidley 1900 [synonym]

†Equus nalaikhaensis Kuznetsova and Zhegallo 1996

†Equus nearcticus Blake 1863

†Equus nevadanus Hay 1927

†Equus niobrarensis Hay 1913

†Equus niobrarensis alaskae Winans 1989

Invalid names: Equus hatcheri Hay 1915 [synonym]

†Equus nobisi Pichardo 2004

†Equus pectinatus Cope 1901

Equus przewalskii Poliakov 1881 [Przewalski's horse]

†Equus pseudaltidens Hulbert, Jr. 1995

Invalid names: Onager altidens Quinn 1957 [replaced]

Equus quagga Boddaert 1785 [plains zebra]

Equus quagga boehmi Matschie 1892

Equus quagga burchelli Gray 1824 [Burchell's zebra]

Equus quagga chapmani Layard 1865

Equus quagga crawshayi De Winton 1896

Equus quagga quagga Boddaert 1785

Equus quagga borensis Lönnberg 1922

†Equus sanmeniensis Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930

†Equus santaeelenae Spillmann 1938

†Equus sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1849

†Equus tabeti Arambourg 1970

†Equus yunnanensis Colbert 1940

Equus zebra Linnaeus 1758 [mountain zebra]

Equus zebra hartmannae Matschie 1898 [Hartmann's mountain zebra]

Invalid names: Equus matschiei Zukowsky 1924 [synonym], Equus penricei Thomas 1900 [synonym]

Equus zebra zebra Linnaeus 1758 [Cape mountain zebra]

Invalid names: Equus campestris Gray 1852 [synonym], Equus indica Trouessart 1898 [synonym], Equus montanus Burchell 1822 [synonym], Equus zebra frederici Trouessart 1905 [synonym]

Invalid names: Allozebra Trumler 1961 [synonym], Asinus Gray 1822 [synonym], Asinus africanus aegyptiacus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [synonym], Asinus asinus dianae Dollman 1935 [synonym], Dolichohippus Heller 1912 [synonym], Equus (Amerhippus) Hoffstetter 1950 [invalid subgroup], Equus (Parastilidequus) Mooser and Dalquest 1975 [invalid subgroup], Equus leidyi Hay 1913 [nomen vanum], Equus parastylidens Mooser 1959 [nomen dubium], Equus semiplicatus Cope 1893 [nomen dubium], Equus taeniopus Heuglin 1861 [nomen dubium], Haringtonhippus Heintzman et al. 2017 [synonym], Hippotherium princeps Leidy 1890 [nomen dubium], Hippotigris Hamilton-Smith 1841 [synonym], Kolpohippus van Hoepen 1930 [synonym], Kraterohippus van Hoepen 1930 [synonym], Neohippus Abel 1913 [synonym], Onager Brisson 1762 [synonym], Sterrohippus van Hopen 1930 [synonym], Tomolabis Cope 1892 [synonym]

G. †Heteropliohippus Kelly 1995

†Heteropliohippus hulberti Kelly 1995

G. †Hippidion Owen 1869

†Hippidion angulatus Ameghino 1889

†Hippidion devillei Gervais 1855

Invalid names: Onohippidium bolivianum Philippi 1893 [synonym]

†Hippidion principale Lund 1846

Invalid names: Onohippidium munizi Moreno 1891 [synonym]

†Hippidion saldiasi Roth 1899

Subg. †Hippidium (Plagiohippus) Ameghino 1908

†Plagiohippus chapalmalensis Ameghino 1908

†Hippidium bonaerense Ameghino 1907

†Hippidium entrerianum Ameghino 1886

†Hippidium principale Lund 1846

Invalid names: Hippidion compressidens Ameghino 1889 [synonym]

Invalid names: Onohippidium Moreno 1891 [synonym], Parahipparion Ameghino 1904 [synonym]

G. †Parapliohippus Kelly 1995

†Parapliohippus carrizoensis Dougherty 1940

Invalid names: Merychippus tehachapiensis Buwalda and Lewis 1955 [synonym]

G. †Plesippus Matthew 1924

†Equus (Plesippus) crenidens Cope 1884

†Plesippus francescana Frick 1921

†Plesippus idahoensis Merriam 1918

†Plesippus simplicidens Cope 1892

Invalid names: Equus achates Hay and Cook 1930 [synonym], Equus pons Quinn 1958 [synonym], Equus shoshonensis Gidley 1930 [synonym], Equus tau Owen 1869 [synonym]

Subtr. Pliohippina Prado and Alberdi 1996

G. †Astrohippus Stirton 1940

†Astrohippus ansae Matthew and Stirton 1930

†Astrohippus stockii Lance 1950

Invalid names: Astrohippus albidens Mooser 1968 [synonym]

G. †Pliohippus Marsh 1874

Subg. †Pliohippus (Astrohippus) Stirton 1940

†Pliohippus (Astrohippus) stockii Lance 1950

Subg. †Pliohippus (Pliohippus) Stirton 1940

†Pliohippus (Pliohippus) mexicanus Lance 1950

†Pliohippus bakeri Azzaroli 1988

†Pliohippus coalingensis Merriam 1914

†Pliohippus fossulatus Cope 1893

Invalid names: Protohippus pachyops Cope 1893 [synonym]

†Pliohippus mirabilis Leidy 1858

Invalid names: Merychippus campestris Gidley 1907 [synonym]

†Pliohippus nobilis Osborn 1918

†Pliohippus pernix Marsh 1874

Invalid names: Pliohippus lullianus Troxell 1916 [synonym], Pliohippus robustus Marsh 1874 [synonym]

†Pliohippus potosinus Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. 2014

†Pliohippus tantalus Merriam 1913

Invalid names: Pliohippus fairbanksi Merriam 1915 [synonym]

†Pliohippus tehonensis Merriam 1915

Invalid names: Pliohippus gracilis Marsh 1892 [nomen dubium]

G. †Protohippus Leidy 1858

Subg. †Protohippus (Calippus) Matthew and Stirton 1930

†Protohippus gidleyi Hulbert, Jr. 1988

†Protohippus parvulus Marsh 1868

†Protohippus perditus Leidy 1858

Invalid names: Eoequus wilsoni Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus profectus Cope 1889 [synonym]

†Protohippus perditus secundus Osborn 1918

†Protohippus supremus Leidy 1869

Invalid names: Hippotigris clarendonensis Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris parastylus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris sellardsi Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus simus Gidley 1906 [synonym]

†Protohippus tantalus Merriam 1913

†Protohippus vetus Quinn 1955

Invalid names: Eoequus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus medius Cope 1892 [nomen dubium]

Invalid names: Equus proversus Merriam 1916 [nomen dubium], Protohippina Quinn 1955 [empty]

Tr. †Hipparionini Quinn 1955 [hipparionine horse]

G. †Cormohipparion Skinner and MacFadden 1977

Subg. †Cormohipparion (Cormohipparion) Hulbert 1988

Subg. †Cormohipparion (Notiocradohipparion) Hulbert 1988

†Cormohipparion emsliei Hulbert, Jr. 1988

†Cormohipparion fricki Woodburne 2007

†Cormohipparion goorisi MacFadden and Skinner 1981

†Cormohipparion ingenuum Leidy 1885

Invalid names: Protohippus lenticularis Cope 1893 [synonym]

†Cormohipparion johnsoni Woodburne 2007

†Cormohipparion matthewi Woodburne 2007

†Cormohipparion merriami Woodburne 2007

†Cormohipparion occidentale Leidy 1856

Invalid names: Hipparion mohavense Merriam 1913 [synonym], Hipparion mohavense callodonte Merriam 1915 [synonym], Hipparion platystyle Merriam 1915 [synonym]

†Cormohipparion plicatile Leidy 1887

†Cormohipparion quinni Woodburne 1996

†Cormohipparion skinneri Woodburne 2007

†Cormohipparion sphenodus Cope 1889

G. †Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen 1930

†Eurygnathohippus afarense Eisenmann 1976

†Eurygnathohippus albertense Hopwood 1926

†Eurygnathohippus baardi Bone and Singer 1965

†Eurygnathohippus cornelianus van Hoepen 1930

†Eurygnathohippus hasumense Eisenmann 1983

†Eurygnathohippus libycum Pomel 1897

†Eurygnathohippus namaquense Haughton 1932

†Eurygnathohippus turkanense Hooijer and Maglio 1974

Invalid names: Notohipparion Haughton 1932 [synonym]

G. †Hipparion de Christol 1832

Subg. †Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) Sefve 1927

†Proboscidipparion sinense Sefve 1927

†Hipparion campbelli Bernor 1985

†Hipparion chiai Liu et al. 1978

†Hipparion concudense Pirlot 1956

†Hipparion condoni Merriam 1915

†Hipparion crassum Gervais 1859

†Hipparion depereti Sondaar 1974

Invalid names: Hipparion gracile Guerin and Mein 1971 [synonym]

†Hipparion dietrichi Wehrli 1941

†Hipparion fissurae Crusafont and Sondaar 1971

†Hipparion forcei Richey 1948

†Hipparion gettyi Bernor 1985

†Hipparion gromovae Villalta and Crusafont 1957

†Hipparion laromae Pesquero et al. 2006

†Hipparion longipes Gromova 1952

†Hipparion macedonicum Koufos 1984

†Hipparion matthewi Abel 1926

†Hipparion mediterraneum Roth and Wagner 1855

†Hipparion minus Pavlow 1890

†Hipparion molayanense Zouhri 1992

†Hipparion periafricanum Villalta and Crusafont 1957

†Hipparion phlegrae Lazaridis and Tsoukala 2014

†Hipparion prostylum Gervais 1849

Invalid names: Hipparion diplostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym], Hipparion mesostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym]

†Hipparion richthofeni Koken 1885

†Hipparion rocinantis Hernández Pacheco 1921

†Hipparion shirleyae MacFadden 1984

†Hipparion tehonense Merriam 1916

†Hipparion theniusi Melentis 1969

†Hipparion weihoense Liu et al. 1978

Invalid names: Hemihipparion Wehrli 1941 [synonym], Hipparion sellardsi Matthew and Stirton 1930 [nomen nudum], Hipparion sitifense Pomel 1897 [nomen dubium], Hipparitherium Christol 1847 [synonym], Stylohipparion van Hoepen 1932 [synonym]

G. †Hippotherium Kaup 1832

†Hippotherium primigenium von Meyer 1829

G. †Nannippus Matthew 1926

†Nannippus aztecus Mooser 1968

Invalid names: Hipparion minus Sellards 1916 [synonym]

†Nannippus beckensis Dalquest and Donovan 1973

†Nannippus lenticularis Cope 1893

†Nannippus morgani Hulbert, Jr. 1993

†Nannippus peninsulatus Cope 1885

Invalid names: Equus minutus Cope 1893 [synonym], Equus phlegon Hay 1899 [synonym], Hipparion cragini Hay 1917 [synonym], Nannippus hesperides Mooser 1968 [synonym], Nannippus montezumae Leidy 1882 [synonym]

†Nannippus westoni Simpson 1930

G. †Neohipparion Gidley 1903

†Neohipparion affine Leidy 1869

Invalid names: Hippotherium speciosum Leidy 1854 [synonym], Neohipparion dolichops Gidley 1906 [synonym], Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley 1903 [synonym]

†Neohipparion eurystyle Cope 1893

Invalid names: Hesperohipparion stirtoni Dalquest 1981 [synonym], Hippotherium rectidens Cope 1886 [synonym], Neohipparion arellanoi Stirton 1955 [synonym], Neohipparion floresi Stirton 1955 [synonym], Neohipparion molle Merriam 1915 [synonym], Neohipparion monias Mooser 1963 [synonym], Neohipparion otomii Mooser 1959 [synonym], Neohipparion phosphorum Simpson 1930 [synonym]

†Neohipparion gidleyi Merriam 1915

†Neohipparion leptode Merriam 1915

†Neohipparion trampasense Edwards 1982

Invalid names: Hesperohipparion Dalquest 1981 [synonym], Neohipparion sanjuanensis Frick 1933 [nomen nudum]

G. †Pseudhipparion Ameghino 1904

†Hipparion gratum tehonense Merriam 1916

†Pseudhipparion curtivallum Quinn 1955

†Pseudhipparion gratum Leidy 1869

Invalid names: Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley 1906 [synonym]

†Pseudhipparion hessei Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986

†Pseudhipparion retrusum Cope 1889

†Pseudhipparion simpsoni Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986

†Pseudhipparion skinneri Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986

Invalid names: Griphippus Quinn 1955 [synonym]

Invalid names: Hipparion anthonyi Merriam 1916 [nomen dubium], Hippotherium sinclairi Wortman 1882 [nomen dubium]

G. †Merychippus Leidy 1856

Subg. †Merychippus (Merychippus) Stirton 1940

Invalid names: Merychippus (Merychippus) coalingensis Clark 1921 [nomen nudum]

Subg. †Merychippus (Protohippus) Leidy 1858

†Merychippus (Protohippus) secundus Osborn 1918

†Merychippus brevidontus Bode 1935

†Merychippus calamarius Cope 1875

†Merychippus calamarius stylodontus Merriam 1919

†Merychippus californicus Merriam 1915

†Merychippus coloradense Osborn 1918

Invalid names: Hipparion sanfondensis Frick 1933 [synonym]

†Merychippus eohipparion Osborn 1918

†Merychippus eoplacidus Osborn 1918

†Merychippus gunteri Simpson 1930

†Merychippus insignis Leidy 1856

Invalid names: Merychippus paniensis Cope 1874 [synonym]

†Merychippus labrosus Cope 1874

†Merychippus missouriensis Douglass 1908

†Merychippus patruus Osborn 1918

†Merychippus primus Osborn 1918

†Merychippus proparvulus Osborn 1918

†Merychippus quintus Osborn 1918

†Merychippus relictus Cope 1889

†Merychippus republicanus Osborn 1918

†Merychippus sejunctus Cope 1874

†Merychippus seversus Cope 1878

†Merychippus stevensi Dougherty 1940

Invalid names: Merychippus isonesus secundus Osborn 1918 [nomen vanum], Merychippus quartus Osborn 1918 [nomen vanum]

G. †Scaphohippus Pagnac 2006

†Scaphohippus intermontanus Merriam 1915

†Scaphohippus sumani Merriam 1915

Invalid names: Merychippus stylodus Merriam 1915 [synonym]

Invalid names: Calippini Quinn 1955 [empty], Hippodon Leidy 1854 [invalid subgroup], Hippotheriini Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Protohippini Quinn 1955 [empty], Stylonus Cope 1878 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingsubf

Diet:

grazersubf

Diet 2:

browsersubf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

applies to Miocene genera exclusive of Equus (see)subf

Created:

2005-08-31 14:56:53

Modified:

2005-08-31 16:56:53

Source: subf = subfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: MacFadden 1998, Lillegraven 1979, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Nowak 1991

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Barstovian to the top of the Holocene or 16.30000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma

Collections (3145 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Pakistan	Equus primigenius (232178)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Oklahoma)	Calippus martini, Nannippus sp., Neohipparion sp. (18105) Nannippus minor (18094)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (California)	Acritohippus quinni (19426) Equinae indet. (19297) Heteropliohippus hulberti (19456) Hipparion mohavense (19147 19441) Hipparion mohavense, Protohippus sp. (19439) Hipparion sp. (19443) Hipparion sp., Merychippus intermontanus (19442) Hipparion tehonense, Neohipparion trampasense (19570) Hipparion trampasense (19379) Hipparionini indet. (19389 19583) Hippotherium sp. (19293) Merychippus carrizoensis (19267 19325) Merychippus carrizoensis, Merychippus seversus (19294) Merychippus intermontanus (19234) Merychippus intermontanus, Merychippus sumani (19606) Merychippus sp. (19236 19437) Merychippus stevensi (19295) Merychippus stylodontus (19577) Merychippus sumani (19440) Merychippus tehachapiensis (19259) Nannippus sp. (19131 19382) Nannippus tehonensis (19444 19584) Neohipparion gidleyi (19420 19614) Pliohippus interpolatus (19370) Pliohippus osborni (19376) Pliohippus sp. (19368) Pliohippus tehonensis (19148 19149) Stylonus carrizoensis (19344) Stylonus carrizoensis, Stylonus sp. (19428) Stylonus sp. (19326 19334 19597 19607)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Mexico (Chiapas)	Cormohipparion sp. (18726)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Canada (Alberta)	Equinae indet. (18781)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Nebraska)	Calippus sp. (18436) Neohipparion republicanus (18239 18313) Pliohippus sp., Pseudhipparion gratum (18213) Protohippus perditus (18354) Pseudhipparion retrusum (18274)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Honduras (Lempira)	Calippus hondurensis (18723)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Florida)	Calippus cerasinus (18542) Calippus hondurensis, Neohipparion trampasense, Pseudhipparion skinneri, Calippus elachistus, Cormohipparion ingenuum, Cormohipparion plicatile (18521) Calippus hondurensis, Pseudhipparion skinneri, Cormohipparion plicatile (18540) Cormohipparion ingenuum (18600) Cormohipparion ingenuum, Cormohipparion plicatile (18534) Cormohipparion plicatile (18526) Hipparion ingenuum, Hipparion plicatile (18544) Hipparion sp. (18528 18543 18546 18598) Hippotherium sp., Merychippus sp. (18507) Merychippus brevidontus, Cormohipparion goorisi (18594) Merychippus gunteri (18503) Merychippus isonesus (18508) Merychippus tertius (18551) Nannippus aztecus, Pseudhipparion skinneri (18571) Neohipparion eurystyle, Pseudhipparion skinneri, Nannippus minor (18510) Neohipparion trampasense, Protohippus gidleyi, Pseudhipparion skinneri, Calippus cerasinus, Cormohipparion ingenuum, Cormohipparion plicatile (18574) Parahippus leonensis (18515)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	France (Vaucluse)	Hipparion prostylum (201499 201500) Hipparion sp., Hipparion matthewi, Hipparion prostylum (201497)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Kansas)	Neohipparion eurystyle (18338)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Oregon)	Equinae indet. (19094 19117) Hipparion anthonyi (18930) Merychippus isonesus (18842 18865 18898 18923 18967 18993 19025) Merychippus isonesus, Merychippus sp. (19028) Merychippus relictus (18958 19001) Merychippus relictus, Merychippus isonesus (18814 18953) Merychippus relictus, Merychippus isonesus, Merychippus sp. (18951) Merychippus relictus, Merychippus sp. (19063) Merychippus sp. (18952 18995 19026 19064)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Nevada)	Dinohippus sp. (18852 18853 18854 18855 18856 19049 19050 19051 19052 19055) Equini indet. (18912) Hipparion tehonense (18858) Hipparionini indet. (18861 18862 18863 18983) Hippotherium sp., Equini indet., Nannippus tehonensis (18857) Merychippus brevidontus, Merychippus californicus, Merychippus gunteri (18922) Nannippus tehonensis (18859 18860) Neohipparion occidentale (18879) Pliohippus sp. (18885 18920 19065) Pliohippus sp., Hipparionini indet. (19040) Pliohippus spectans (19129) Pliohippus tantalus (19125) Protohippus sp. (18836 18837)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Mexico (Oaxaca)	Merychippus sp., Cormohipparion sp. (18727)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Mexico (Chihuahua)	Nannippus minor (18714)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Washington)	Hipparionini indet. (18903)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Maryland)	Cormohipparion sp. (18593)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Georgia)	Calippus sp., Cormohipparion sp., Merychippus sp. (18592)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Honduras	Calippus hondurensis (18743) Pliohippus hondurensis (18751)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Arizona)	Pliohippus sp. (19177 19178 19179 19360 19574)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Montana)	Equinae indet. (19012) Merychippus intermontanus, Merychippus isonesus (18969) Merychippus isonesus (18896 19002 19042) Merychippus sejunctus, Merychippus paniensis (19038) Merychippus sp. (18881) Nannippus lenticularis (18869 19118) Nannippus lenticularis, Pliohippus sp. (18966) Pliohippus interpolatus (19067 19068 19069) Pliohippus interpolatus, Nannippus lenticularis (18997) Pliohippus sp. (18812) Protohippus sp., Pseudhipparion sp. (18931)