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Troodontidae

Reptilia - Troodontidae

Taxonomy
Troodontidae was named by Gilmore (1924). It was considered monophyletic by Zheng et al. (2009).

It was synonymized subjectively with Pachycephalosauridae by Romer (1956), Romer (1966) and Maryańska and Osmólska (1974).

It was assigned to Iguanodontoidae by Hay (1930); to Ornithopoda by Lull (1924), Russell (1930), Roxo (1937) and Brown and Schlaikjer (1943); to Orthopoda by Gilmore (1924) and Bohlin (1953); to Megalosauroidea by Kuhn (1966); to Protoavia by Paul (1988); to Oviraptorosauria by Russell and Dong (1994); to Bullatosauria by Holtz (1994), Nessov (1995), Holtz and Padian (1995) and Hutchinson and Padian (1997); to Coelurosauria by Currie (1995) and Zinke (1998); to Theropoda by Russell (1948) and Peng et al. (2001); to Theropoda by Eberth et al. (2001); to Saurischia by Pearson et al. (2002) and Sankey et al. (2002); to Arctometatarsalia by Holtz (1995), Holtz (1998) and Senter et al. (2004); to Theropoda by Coulton (1976) and Chure et al. (2006); to Eumaniraptora by Godefroit et al. (2013); to Paraves by Holtz (2000), Zanno et al. (2011) and O'Connor and Sullivan (2014); to Maniraptoriformes by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014); to Coelurosauria by Williamson and Brusatte (2014); to Maniraptora by Benton (1990), Osmolska (1990), Chatterjee (1993), Currie (1997), Makovicky and Norell (2004), Xu et al. (2011), Xu et al. (2012), Pei et al. (2017), Shen et al. (2017), Xu et al. (2017), van der Reest and Currie (2017) and Shen et al. (2017); and to Deinonychosauria by Gauthier (1986), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Rauhut (2003), Zheng et al. (2009), Gianechini et al. (2017) and Hartman et al. (2019).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1876Laelaps cristatus Cope p. 344
1876Laelaps laevifrons Cope p. 344
1877Laelaps cristatus Cope p. 572
1877Laelaps laevifrons Cope p. 572
1902Dryptosaurus cristatus Hay p. 488
1902Dryptosaurus laevifrons Hay p. 488
1922Dromaeosaurus cristatus Matthew and Brown p. 376
1922Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Matthew and Brown p. 376
1924Troodontidae Gilmore pp. 7-8
1924Troodontidae Lull p. 238
1927Dromaeosaurus cristatus Huene p. 260
1927Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Huene p. 260
1930Dromaeosaurus cristatus Hay p. 180
1930Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Hay p. 181
1930Troodontidae Hay p. 207
1930Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Russell p. 142
1930Troodontidae Russell p. 142
1932Polyodontosaurus grandis Gilmore p. 117 figs. Pl. 1
1937Troodontidae Roxo p. 65
1939Dromaeosaurus cristatus Kuhn p. 49
1939Dromaeosaurus laevifrons Kuhn p. 50
1943Troodontidae Brown and Schlaikjer p. 126
1948Troodontidae Russell p. 629
1951Polyodontosaurus grandis Sternberg p. 257
1953Troodontidae Bohlin p. 32
1965Dromaeosaurus cristatus Ostrom p. 39
1966Troodontidae Kuhn p. 96
1970Dryptosaurus cristatus Steel p. 31
1970Dryptosaurus laevifrons Steel p. 31
1970Polyodontosaurus grandis Steel p. 44
1974Saurornithoididae Barsbold p. 7
1975Heptasteornis andrewsi Harrison and Walker pp. 399-400 figs. Pl. 65:6-7; Pl. 66:1-7
1975Bradycneme Harrison and Walker pp. 564-565
1975Bradycneme draculae Harrison and Walker p. 565 figs. Pl. 65:1-5
1975Heptasteornis Harrison and Walker p. 566 figs. Pl. 65:6-7; Pl. 66:1-7
1975Heptasteornis andrewsi Harrison and Walker p. 566 figs. Pl. 65:6-7; Pl. 66:1-7
1976Saurornithoididae Barsbold p. 74
1976Troodontidae Coulton p. 177
1977Saurornithoididae Barsbold p. 50
1977Saurornithoididae Rozhdestvensky p. 112
1978Bradycneme Brodkorb p. 223
1978Bradycneme draculae Brodkorb p. 223
1978Heptasteornis Brodkorb p. 224
1978Heptasteornis andrewsi Brodkorb p. 224
1983Saurornithoididae Barsbold p. 86
1984Saurornithoididae Russell p. 28
1984Saurornithoididae Thulborn p. 132
1985Saurornithoididae Gauthier and Padian p. 190
1986Bradycneme Buffetaut et al. p. 1395
1986Bradycneme draculae Buffetaut et al. p. 1395
1986Heptasteornis Buffetaut et al. p. 1395
1986Heptasteornis andrewsi Buffetaut et al. p. 1395
1986Saurornithoididae Buffetaut et al. p. 1395
1986Troodontidae Gauthier p. 11
1988Bradycneme Carroll
1988Heptasteornis Carroll
1988Saurornithoididae Carroll
1988Troodontidae Paul p. 394
1988Troodon andrewsi Paul pp. 399-400
1988Bradycneme Paul p. 400
1988Bradycneme draculae Paul p. 400
1990Troodontidae Benton p. 19
1990Troodontidae Osmolska p. 150
1991Bradycneme Weishampel et al. p. 209
1991Bradycneme draculae Weishampel et al. p. 209
1991Heptasteornis Weishampel et al. p. 209
1991Heptasteornis andrewsi Weishampel et al. p. 209
1992Saurornithoididae Dong p. 164
1993Troodontidae Chatterjee p. 283
1994Koparion Chure p. 11 figs. Pl. 1
1994Koparion douglassi Chure p. 11 figs. Pl. 1
1994Troodontidae Holtz
1994Troodontidae Russell and Dong p. 2125
1995Troodontidae Currie p. 25A
1995Troodontidae Holtz, Jr. p. 35A
1995Troodontidae Holtz, Jr. and Padian p. 35A
1995Troodontidae Nessov p. 41
1997Troodontidae Currie p. 733
1997Troodontidae Hutchinson and Padian p. 130
1997Troodontidae Sereno p. 444
1997Bradycneme Varricchio p. 750
1997Bradycneme draculae Varricchio p. 750
1997Heptasteornis Varricchio p. 750
1997Heptasteornis andrewsi Varricchio p. 750
1997Koparion Varricchio p. 750
1997Koparion douglassi Varricchio p. 750
1998Troodontidae Holtz, Jr. p. 40
1998Troodontidae Sereno p. 65
1998Troodontidae Zinke p. 184
1999Troodontidae Sereno p. 2139 fig. 2
2000Koparion douglassi Chure p. 2
2000Troodontidae Holtz, Jr. p. 13 fig. 5
2000Troodon cristatus Olshevsky p. 97
2001Troodontidae Eberth et al. p. 56
2001Troodontidae Peng et al. p. 37
2002Troodontidae Pearson et al. p. 154
2002Troodontidae Sankey et al. p. 755
2003Bradycneme draculae Grigorescu p. 100
2003Heptasteornis andrewsi Grigorescu p. 100
2003Troodontidae Rauhut p. 159
2004Troodontidae Makovicky and Norell p. 185
2004Troodontidae Senter et al. p. 2 fig. 2
2005Koparion douglassi Carpenter et al. pp. 24-26
2005Bradycneme draculae Grigorescu p. 204
2005Heptasteornis andrewsi Grigorescu p. 204
2006Koparion Chure et al. p. 236
2006Koparion douglassi Chure et al. p. 236
2006Troodontidae Chure et al. p. 236
2006Bradycneme draculae Dalla Vecchia p. 13
2006Heptasteornis andrewsi Dalla Vecchia p. 13
2006Koparion douglassi Hunt and Lucas p. 117
2006Koparion douglassi Mateus p. 231
2006Saurornitholestes robustus Sullivan p. 253 figs. 1-3
2009Troodontidae Zheng et al.
2011Troodontidae Xu et al. p. 2
2011Troodontidae Zanno et al. p. 3
2012Koparion douglassi Tweet et al. p. 321
2012Troodontidae Xu et al. p. 141
2013Troodontidae Godefroit et al.
2014Troodontidae Hendrickx and Mateus
2014Troodontidae O'Connor and Sullivan
2014Troodontidae Williamson and Brusatte p. 12
2015Saurornitholestes robustus Jasinski p. 79
2017Troodontidae Gianechini et al. p. 12 fig. 8
2017Troodontidae Pei et al.
2017Troodontidae Shen et al.
2017Troodontidae Shen et al.
2017Troodontidae Xu et al.
2017Troodontidae van der Reest and Currie
2018Koparion douglassi Tweet and Santucci p. 713
2019Troodontidae Hartman et al.
2021Bradycneme draculae Sellés et al. p. 8

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Life
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
RankNameAuthor
Romeriida
Diapsida()
Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
Crocopoda
ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
Eucrocopoda
Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
Ornithodira
Dinosauromorpha
Dinosauriformes
Dinosauria()
Theropoda()
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria()
Maniraptora
Paraves
infraorderDeinonychosauria
familyTroodontidae
familyTroodontidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Troodontidae Gilmore 1924
show all | hide all
G. †Albertavenator Evans et al. 2017
+
Albertavenator curriei Evans et al. 2017
G. †Almas Pei et al. 2017
+
Almas ukhaa Pei et al. 2017
G. †Anchiornis Xu et al. 2009
+
Anchiornis huxleyi Xu et al. 2009
G. †Archaeornithoides Elzanowski and Wellnhofer 1992
+
Archaeornithoides deinosauriscus Elzanowski and Wellnhofer 1992
G. †Daliansaurus Shen et al. 2017
+
Daliansaurus liaoningensis Shen et al. 2017
G. †Geminiraptor Senter et al. 2010
+
Geminiraptor suarezarum Senter et al. 2010
G. †Gobivenator Tsuihiji et al. 2014
+
Gobivenator mongoliensis Tsuihiji et al. 2014
G. †Hesperornithoides Hartman et al. 2019
+
Hesperornithoides miessleri Hartman et al. 2019
Subfm. †Jinfengopteryginae Turner et al. 2012
+
G. †Jinfengopteryx Ji et al. 2005
+
Jinfengopteryx elegans Ji et al. 2005
G. †Liaoningvenator Shen et al. 2017
+
Liaoningvenator curriei Shen et al. 2017
G. †Philovenator Xu et al. 2012
+
Philovenator curriei Xu et al. 2012
G. †Tamarro Sellés et al. 2021
+
Tamarro insperatus Sellés et al. 2021
G. †Papiliovenator Pei et al. 2022
+
Papiliovenator neimengguensis Pei et al. 2022
G. †Pectinodon Carpenter 1982
+
Pectinodon bakkeri Carpenter 1982
Invalid names: Pectinodon asiamericanus Nessov 1985 [nomen dubium]
Subfm. †Sinovenatorinae Shen et al. 2017
+
G. †Jianianhualong Xu et al. 2017
+
Jianianhualong tengi Xu et al. 2017
G. †Mei Xu and Norell 2004
+
Mei long Xu and Norell 2004
G. †Sinovenator Xu et al. 2002
+
Sinovenator changii Xu et al. 2002
G. †Xiaotingia Xu et al. 2011
+
Xiaotingia zhengi Xu et al. 2011
G. †Sinusonasus Xu and Wang 2004
+
Sinusonasus magnodens Xu and Wang 2004
G. †Tochisaurus Kurzanov and Osmólska 1991
+
Tochisaurus nemegtensis Kurzanov and Osmólska 1991
Subfm. †Troodontinae van der Reest and Currie 2017
+
G. †Borogovia Osmolska 1987
+
Borogovia gracilicrus Osmolska 1987
G. †Byronosaurus Norell et al. 2000
+
Byronosaurus jaffei Norell et al. 2000
G. †Latenivenatrix van der Reest and Currie 2017
+
Latenivenatrix mcmasterae van der Reest and Currie 2017
G. †Linhevenator Xu et al. 2011
+
Linhevenator tani Xu et al. 2011
G. †Saurornithoides Osborn 1924
+
G. †Sinornithoides Russell and Dong 1994
+
Sinornithoides youngi Russell and Dong 1994
G. †Stenonychosaurus Sternberg 1932
+
Stenonychosaurus inequalis Sternberg 1932
G. †Talos Zanno et al. 2011
+
Talos sampsoni Zanno et al. 2011
G. †Troodon Leidy 1856
+
Troodon formosus Leidy 1856
Invalid names: Polyodontosaurus Gilmore 1932 [synonym]
G. †Urbacodon Averianov and Sues 2007
+
Urbacodon itemirensis Averianov and Sues 2007
G. †Zanabazar Norell et al. 2009
+
Zanabazar junior Barsbold 1974
G. †Xixiasaurus Lü et al. 2010
+
Xixiasaurus henanensis Lü et al. 2010
Invalid names: Bradycneme Harrison and Walker 1975 [nomen dubium], Heptasteornis Harrison and Walker 1975 [nomen dubium], Koparion Chure 1994 [nomen dubium], Laelaps cristatus Cope 1876 [nomen dubium], Laelaps laevifrons Cope 1876 [nomen dubium], Polyodontosaurus grandis Gilmore 1932 [nomen dubium], Saurornithoididae Barsbold 1974 [synonym], Saurornitholestes robustus Sullivan 2006 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
R. S. Lull 1924Aberrant Orthopoda with prernaxillary teeth, dome-like, thickened skull, and abdominal ribs.
B. Brown and E. M. Schlaikjer 1943Small bipedal dinosaurs. Skull with moderate thickening of frontoparietal area. Node-like ornamentations of the skull weakly developed. Supratemporal openings usually nearly closed; ocassionally completely closed on one side. Face short and deep. Premaxillaries with teeth.