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Elephantiformes

Mammalia - Proboscidea

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1988Elephantiformes Tassy
1996Elephantiformes Shoshani and Tassy p. 352
1998Elephantiformes Lambert and Shoshani p. 608
1999Elephantiformes Sanders p. 793
2001Elephantiformes Sach and Heizmann p. 40
2002Elephantiformes Sanders and Miller p. 389
2005Elephantiformes Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2
2006Elephantiformes Shoshani et al. p. 17300
2007Elephantiformes Christiansen p. 427
2007Elephantiformes Sanders p. 2
2010Elephantiformes Sanders et al. p. 181
2017Elephantiformes Wang et al. p. 601

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
RankNameAuthor
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998
Tethytheria
orderProboscidea()
suborderElephantiformesTassy 1988
suborderElephantiformesTassy 1988

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subor. Elephantiformes Tassy 1988
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G. †Dagbatitherium Hautier et al. 2021
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Dagbatitherium tassyi Hautier et al. 2021
Superfm. Elephantoidea Gray 1821
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Fm. Elephantidae Gray 1821 [elephant]
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Subfm. Elephantinae Gray 1821
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Tr. Elephantini Gray 1821
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G. Elephas Linnaeus 1758 [elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephantus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [objective synonym], Hesperoloxodon Osborn 1931 [synonym], Hypselephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Leithadamsia Matsumoto 1927 [synonym], Omoloxodon Deraniyagala 1955 [synonym], Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto 1924 [synonym], Pilgrimia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Platelephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Sivalikia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Stegoloxodon Kretzoi 1950 [synonym]
G. †Mammuthus Brookes 1828 [mammoth]
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 [synonym], Parelephas Osborn 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Elephantina Gray 1825 [empty], Loxodontina Osborn 1918 [empty]
Tr. Loxodontini Osborn 1918
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G. Loxodonta Cuvier 1825 [African elephant]
G. †Primelephas Maglio 1970
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Primelephas korotorensis Coppens 1965
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Invalid names: Primelephas gomphotheroides Maglio 1970 [synonym]
G. †Emmenodon Cope 1889
G. †Selenetherium Mackaye et al. 2005
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Selenetherium kolleensis Mackaye et al. 2005
G. †Stegodibelodon Coppens 1972
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Stegodibelodon schneideri Coppens 1972
G. †Stegodon Falconer 1857
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Stegodon bombifrons Falconer 1847
Stegodon florensis Hooijer 1957
Stegodon ganesa Falconer and Cautley 1875
Stegodon insignis Falconer 1857
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Invalid names: Stegodon orientalis Owen 1870 [synonym]
Stegodon kaisensis Hopwood 1939
Stegodon luzonensis von Koenigswald 1956
Stegodon mindanensis Naumann 1890
Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer 1964
Stegodon sondaari van den Bergh 1999
Stegodon sumbaensis Sartono 1979
Stegodon syrticus Petrocchi 1943
Stegodon trigonocephalus Martin 1887
Stegodon yuanmouensis You et al. 1978
G. †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi 1941
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Stegotetrabelodon lybicus Petrocchi 1943
Stegotetrabelodon orbus Maglio 1970
Stegotetrabelodon syrticus Petrocchi 1941
Invalid names: Stegodontinae Osborn 1918 [empty], Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre 1969 [empty], Suina Gray 1825 [empty]
G. †Paratetralophodon Tassy 1983
Fm. †Stegodontidae Osborn 1918
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G. †Stegolophodon Pohlig 1888
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Stegolophodon sahabianus Petrocchi 1943
Invalid names: Loxodontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammutoidea [empty]
G. †Hemimastodon Pilgrim 1912
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Hemimastodon annectens Matsumoto 1924
Fm. †Palaeomastodontidae Andrews 1906
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G. †Palaeomastodon Andrews 1901
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Palaeomastodon beadnelli Andrews 1901
Palaeomastodon minor Andrews 1904
Palaeomastodon parvus Andrews 1905
Palaeomastodon wintoni Andrews 1905
Invalid names: Phiomiidae Kalandadze and Rautian 1992 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingf
Diet: grazerf
Diet 2: browserf
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2005-08-26 13:32:09
Modified: 2005-08-26 15:32:09
Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lutetian to the top of the Holocene or 47.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.3 Ma

Collections (1401 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Togo Dagbatitherium tassyi (223952)
Rupelian33.9 - 28.1Egypt (Fayum) Palaeomastodon beadnelli, Palaeomastodon wintoni, Palaeomastodon parvus, Palaeomastodon minor (65960)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.03Saudi Arabia (Al Hijaz) Palaeomastodon sp. (97221)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.03Libya Palaeomastodon sp. (154222)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Pakistan (Baluchistan) Elephantoidea indet. (179812 180591)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Kenya Palaeomastodontidae indet. (174672)
Chattian28.1 - 23.03Ethiopia Palaeomastodon sp. nov. B, Palaeomastodon sp. nov. A (71941)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97North Korea (Hamgyeongbuk-do) Gomphotherium annectens (48623)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Pakistan (Baluchistan) Elephantoidea indet. (180605)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Japan (Miyagi) Stegolophodon miyokoae (13454)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588Mongolia Serridentinus florescens (34486)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588Uganda Elephantidae indet. (22413) Loxodonta sp. (22394 22395 22408 22428 22433) Loxodonta sp., Stegodon kaisensis (22393) Mammuthus sp. (22344) Stegodon kaisensis (22418 22420 22437) Stegotetrabelodon sp. (22453 22454) Stegotetrabelodon sp., Primelephas gomphotheroides (22451)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588South Africa Loxodonta sp., Stegodon sp., Stegolophodon sp. (22220) Mammuthus sp. (22228) Mammuthus subplanifrons (22229)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Taiwan Elephas sp. (76865) Stegodon sinensis (76863)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Greece (Kozani) Stegodon sp. (202732)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Taiwan (Taichung) Stegodon insignis (76860) Stegodon insignis, Stegodon sinensis, Stegodon orientalis (76862) Stegodon orientalis (76861)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58USA (West Virginia) Mammuthus sp. (123931)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Myanmar Mastodon elephantoides, Elephas clifti, Elephas insignis (215569)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Taiwan (Tainan) Elephas sp. (76866)
Miocene - Pleistocene23.03 - 0.0117Ethiopia Elephantidae indet. (22128)