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Elephantoidea
Taxonomy
Elephantoidea was named by Gray (1821). It is extant. Its type is Elephantidae.
It was reranked as the infraorder Elephantoidea by Lambert and Shoshani (1998).
It was assigned to Proboscidea by McKenna and Bell (1997); to Proboscidea by Geraads et al. (2005); to Elephantida by Shoshani and Tassy (2005) and Shoshani et al. (2006); to Proboscidea by Osborn (1921), Osborn (1936), Paula Couto (1956), McKenna (1975), Mahboubi et al. (1984) and Hautier et al. (2009); and to Elephantiformes by Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders (1999), Sanders and Miller (2002), Sanders (2007), Christiansen (2007) and Sanders et al. (2010).
It was reranked as the infraorder Elephantoidea by Lambert and Shoshani (1998).
It was assigned to Proboscidea by McKenna and Bell (1997); to Proboscidea by Geraads et al. (2005); to Elephantida by Shoshani and Tassy (2005) and Shoshani et al. (2006); to Proboscidea by Osborn (1921), Osborn (1936), Paula Couto (1956), McKenna (1975), Mahboubi et al. (1984) and Hautier et al. (2009); and to Elephantiformes by Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders (1999), Sanders and Miller (2002), Sanders (2007), Christiansen (2007) and Sanders et al. (2010).
Subtaxa
Elephantidae (type family), Loxodontinae, Mammontinae, Mammutoidea, Paratetralophodon, Stegodontidae
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1821 | Elephantoidea Gray |
1921 | Elephantoidea Osborn p. 3 |
1936 | Elephantoidea Osborn p. 25 |
1956 | Elephantoidea Paula Couto p. 105 |
1975 | Elephantoidea McKenna p. 43 |
1984 | Elephantoidea Mahboubi et al. p. 543 |
1997 | Elephantoidea McKenna and Bell p. 500 |
1998 | Elephantoidea Lambert and Shoshani p. 608 |
1999 | Elephantoidea Sanders p. 793 |
2002 | Elephantoidea Sanders and Miller p. 389 |
2005 | Elephantoidea Geraads et al. p. 526 |
2005 | Elephantoidea Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2 |
2006 | Elephantoidea Shoshani et al. p. 17300 |
2007 | Elephantoidea Christiansen p. 427 |
2007 | Elephantoidea Sanders p. 2 |
2009 | Elephantoidea Hautier et al. p. 172 |
2010 | Elephantoidea Sanders et al. p. 185 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Superfm. Elephantoidea Gray 1821
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Fm. Elephantidae Gray 1821 [elephant]
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Subfm. Elephantinae Gray 1821
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Tr. Elephantini Gray 1821
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G. Elephas Linnaeus 1758 [elephant]
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Subg. †Elephas (Euelephas) Leidy 1858
Subg. Elephas (Loxodon) Müller and Henle 1838
†Elephas beyeri von Koenigswald 1956
†Elephas ekorensis Maglio 1970
†Elephas falconeri Busk 1867
Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758 [Asian elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas asiaticus Blumenbach 1797 [synonym], Elephas gigas Perry 1811 [synonym]
†Elephas melitensis Falconer 1868
†Elephas moghrebiensis Arambourg 1970
†Elephas nawataensis Tassy 2003
†Elephas planifrons Falconer and Cautley 1846
†Elephas priscus Goldfuss 1821
Invalid names: Elephantus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [objective synonym], Hesperoloxodon Osborn 1931 [synonym], Hypselephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Leithadamsia Matsumoto 1927 [synonym], Mastodon elephantoides Clift 1829 [nomen dubium], Omoloxodon Deraniyagala 1955 [synonym], Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto 1924 [synonym], Pilgrimia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Platelephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Sivalikia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Stegoloxodon Kretzoi 1950 [synonym]
G. †Mammuthus Brookes 1828 [mammoth]
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†Mammuthus chosaricus Dubrovo 1966
†Mammuthus columbi Falconer 1857 [Columbian mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas eellsi Hay 1926 [synonym], Elephas floridanus Osborn 1929 [synonym], Elephas jacksoni Mather 1838 [synonym], Elephas jeffersonii Osborn 1922 [synonym], Elephas maibeni Barbour 1925 [synonym], Elephas roosevelti Hay 1922 [synonym], Elephas washingtonii Osborn 1923 [synonym], Mammuthus imperator Leidy 1858 [synonym], Parelephas progressus Osborn 1942 [synonym]
†Mammuthus creticus Bate 1907
†Mammuthus exilis Maglio 1970 [pygmy mammoth]
†Mammuthus hayi Barbour 1915
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Invalid names: Elephas haroldcooki Hay 1928 [synonym], Elephas scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
†Mammuthus lamarmorae Major 1883
†Mammuthus meridionalis Nesti 1825
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon nebrascensis Osborn 1932 [synonym], Archidiskodon scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
†Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach 1799 [wooly mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas boreus Hay 1924 [synonym]
†Mammuthus trogontherii Pohlig 1885
Invalid names: Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 [synonym], Parelephas Osborn 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Elephantina Gray 1825 [empty], Loxodontina Osborn 1918 [empty]
Tr. Loxodontini Osborn 1918
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G. Loxodonta Cuvier 1825 [African elephant]
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†Loxodonta adaurora Maglio 1970
Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797 [African bush elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas africanus oxyotis Matschie 1900 [synonym], Elephas capensis Cuvier 1798 [synonym]
†Loxodonta atlantica Pomel 1879
†Loxodonta cookei Sanders 2007
Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900 [African forest elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas africanus cottoni Lydekker 1908 [synonym], Elephas africanus fransseni Schouteden 1914 [synonym], Elephas africanus pumilio Noack 1906 [synonym]
†Loxodonta exoptata Dietrich 1941
Invalid names: Elephas africanus albertensis Lydekker 1907 [synonym]
G. †Primelephas Maglio 1970
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†Primelephas korotorensis Coppens 1965
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Invalid names: Primelephas gomphotheroides Maglio 1970 [synonym]
G. †Emmenodon Cope 1889
G. †Stegodon Falconer 1857
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†Stegodon bombifrons Falconer 1847
†Stegodon florensis Hooijer 1957
†Stegodon ganesa Falconer and Cautley 1875
†Stegodon kaisensis Hopwood 1939
†Stegodon luzonensis von Koenigswald 1956
†Stegodon mindanensis Naumann 1890
†Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer 1964
†Stegodon sondaari van den Bergh 1999
†Stegodon sumbaensis Sartono 1979
†Stegodon syrticus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegodon trigonocephalus Martin 1887
†Stegodon trigonocephalus ngandongensis Osborn 1936
†Stegodon yuanmouensis You et al. 1978
G. †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi 1941
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†Stegotetrabelodon lybicus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegotetrabelodon orbus Maglio 1970
†Stegotetrabelodon syrticus Petrocchi 1941
Invalid names: Stegodontinae Osborn 1918 [empty], Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre 1969 [empty], Suina Gray 1825 [empty]
G. †Paratetralophodon Tassy 1983
Fm. †Stegodontidae Osborn 1918
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G. †Stegolophodon Pohlig 1888
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†Stegolophodon iravaticus Sein 2020
†Stegolophodon sahabianus Petrocchi 1943
Invalid names: Loxodontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammutoidea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Oligocene to the top of the Holocene or 28.40000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Collections (1394 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Late/Upper Oligocene | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Elephantoidea indet. (179812 180591) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | Japan (Miyagi) | Stegolophodon miyokoae (13454) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Elephantoidea indet. (180605) | |
Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Loxodonta sp., Stegodon sp., Stegolophodon sp. (22220) Mammuthus sp. (22228) Mammuthus subplanifrons (22229) | |
Miocene - Pliocene | Uganda | Elephantidae indet. (22413) Loxodonta sp. (22394 22395 22408 22428 22433) Loxodonta sp., Stegodon kaisensis (22393) Mammuthus sp. (22344) Stegodon kaisensis (22418 22420 22437) Stegotetrabelodon sp. (22453 22454) Stegotetrabelodon sp., Primelephas gomphotheroides (22451) | |
Miocene - Pliocene | Mongolia | Serridentinus florescens (34486) | |
Neogene | Taiwan (Tainan) | Elephas sp. (76866) | |
Neogene | USA (West Virginia) | Mammuthus sp. (123931) | |
Neogene | Myanmar | Mastodon elephantoides, Elephas clifti, Elephas insignis (215569) | |
Neogene | Greece (Kozani) | Stegodon sp. (202732) | |
Neogene | Taiwan (Taichung) | Stegodon insignis (76860) Stegodon insignis, Stegodon sinensis, Stegodon orientalis (76862) Stegodon orientalis (76861) | |
Neogene | Taiwan | Elephas sp. (76865) Stegodon sinensis (76863) | |
Miocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Mammuthus subplanifrons (22230) | |
Miocene - Pleistocene | Ethiopia | Elephantidae indet. (22128) | |
Burdigalian | Japan (Toyama) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93789 93876 93877) | |
Burdigalian | Japan (Wajima) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93878) | |
Burdigalian | Japan (Nagasaki) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93879) | |
Burdigalian | Japan | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93788 93875) | |
Burdigalian | Japan (Miyagi) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93786 93787) | |
Burdigalian | Japan (Fukushim) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93771) |