PBDB Taxon

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Kogia

Mammalia - Cetacea - Kogiidae

Taxonomy

Kogia was named by Gray (1846) [Sepkoski's age data: T Plio R]. It is extant. Its type is Kogia breviceps. It was considered monophyletic by Uhen et al. (2008) and Geisler et al. (2011).

It was assigned to Catodontidae by Gray (1846), Gray (1850), Gray (1863) and Gray (1866); to Physeteres by Winge (1921); to Physeterinae by Trouessart (1904), Turner (1912), Zittel (1925) and Weber (1928); to Cetacea by Sepkoski (2002); to Physeteridae by Cope (1890), Palmer (1904), Sherman (1952), Barnes (1977), Pilleri (1987), Geisler and Sanders (2003), Mead and Brownell (2005) and Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008); to Kogiidae by Miller (1923), Kellogg (1928), Vidal (1991), Bianucci (1996), Bianucci et al. (1998), Rice (1998), Bianucci and Landini (1999), Uhen et al. (2008), Fordyce and Roberts (2009), Geisler et al. (2011), Cioppi (2014), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2015), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2016) and Berta (2017); and to Kogiinae by Gill (1871), Gill (1872), Simpson (1945), Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott (1951), Fraser and Purves (1960), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Kasuya (1973), Muizon (1990), McKenna and Bell (1997), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Kazár (2002), Bloodworth and Odell (2008), Collareta et al. (2017) and Benites-Palomino et al. (2021).

Species

K. breviceps (syn. K. goodie, K. macleayii, Euphysetes grayii, K. floweri, Euphysetes pottsii) (type species), K. danomurai, K. pusilla, K. sima

Synonyms

Euphysetes was named by Wall (1851). It is extant.

It was reranked as Physeter (Euphysetes) by Owen (1866); it was synonymized subjectively with Kogia by Gill (1871), Schulte (1937), Hershkovitz (1966), Nagorsen (1985) and Mead and Brownell (2005).

It was assigned to Catodontidae by Gray (1866); to Physeter by Owen (1866); and to Physeteridae by Gray (1868) and Palmer (1904).
Callignathus was named by Gill (1871). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Kogia by Schulte (1937), Hershkovitz (1966), Nagorsen (1985) and Mead and Brownell (2005).

It was assigned to Kogiinae by Gill (1871), Gill (1871) and Gill (1872).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1846	Kogia Gray p. 21
1850	Kogia Gray p. 53
1851	Euphysetes Wall
1863	Kogia Gray p. 199
1866	Kogia Gray p. 215
1866	Euphysetes Gray p. 392
1866	Physeter (Euphysetes) Owen p. 30
1868	Euphysetes Gray p. 4
1871	Callignathus Gill p. 126
1871	Kogia Gill p. 126
1871	Callignathus Gill p. 737
1872	Callignathus Gill p. 96
1872	Kogia Gill p. 96
1890	Kogia Cope p. 607
1904	Euphysetes Palmer p. 278
1904	Kogia Palmer p. 358
1904	Kogia Trouessart p. 774
1912	Kogia Turner p. 75
1921	Cogia Winge p. 44
1923	Kogia Miller p. 40
1925	Kogia Zittel p. 86
1928	Kogia Kellogg p. 34 figs. Table 1
1928	Kogia Weber p. 389
1945	Kogia Simpson p. 102
1951	Kogia Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott p. 721
1952	Kogia Sherman p. 99
1960	Kogia Fraser and Purves p. 112 figs. Figure 26
1963	Kogia Scheffer and Rice p. 8
1973	Kogia Kasuya p. 61
1977	Kogia Barnes p. 323 figs. Table 1
1987	Kogia Pilleri p. 53
1990	Kogia Muizon p. 297
1991	Kogia Vidal p. 5
1996	Kogia Bianucci p. 65
1997	Kogia McKenna and Bell p. 381
1998	Kogia Bianucci et al. p. 124
1998	Kogia Rice p. 83
1999	Kogia Bianucci and Landini p. 445
2001	Kogia Fordyce and de Muizon p. 179
2002	Kogia Kazár p. 163
2002	Kogia Sepkoski
2003	Kogia Geisler and Sanders p. 29
2005	Kogia Mead and Brownell p. 737
2008	Kogia Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 981 figs. Fig. 5
2008	Kogia Bloodworth and Odell p. 1
2008	Kogia Uhen et al. p. 574
2009	Kogia Fordyce and Roberts p. 553
2011	Kogia Geisler et al. p. 5 figs. Table 1
2014	Kogia Cioppi p. 87
2015	Kogia Velez-Juarbe et al. p. 15 figs. Fig. 10
2016	Kogia Velez-Juarbe et al. pp. e1135806-5
2017	Kogia Berta p. 161
2017	Kogia Collareta et al. p. 269 figs. Figure 6
2021	Kogia Benites-Palomino et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)

Rank	Name	Author
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Artiodactylamorpha
—	Artiodactyla	()
—	Whippomorpha
order	Cetacea
—	Pelagiceti
—	Neoceti
suborder	Odontoceti
superfamily	Physeteroidea
family	Kogiidae
subfamily	Kogiinae
genus	Kogia

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Kogia Gray 1846

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Kogia breviceps Blainville 1838 [pygmy sperm whale]

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Invalid names: Euphysetes grayii MacLeay 1851 [synonym], Euphysetes pottsii Haast 1873 [synonym], Kogia brevirostris Gray 1865 [invalid subgroup], Kogia floweri Gill 1871 [synonym], Kogia goodie True 1884 [synonym], Kogia macleayii Kreft 1865 [synonym]

†Kogia danomurai Benites-Palomino et al. 2021

†Kogia pusilla Pilleri 1987

Kogia sima Owen 1866 [dwarf sperm whale]

Invalid names: Callignathus Gill 1871 [synonym], Cogia Gray 1846 [synonym], Euphysetes Wall 1851 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
M. D. Uhen et al. 2008	Skull very broad and deep dorsoventrally; bone texture very porous and oil-filled; rostrum very short and very rapidly tapering; supracranial basin deep, with an elevated cup formed by the premaxillae in its center; orbit placed posteriorly within the temporal fossa; mandibular rami diverging posteriorly; symphyseal region narrow; teeth in the mandible with elongate crowns, diverging dorsolaterally; teeth 14 or 15; narrow, slender, conical, acute and bent medially.
A. Benites-Palomino et al. 2021	Small to medium-sized physeteroids. In extant species, sexual maturity is observed for individuals over 1.9 m in total body length, whereas the maximum adult length is c. 3.5 m (Bloodworth & Odell 2008). Based on allometric equations for reconstructing the body size (Pyenson & Sponberg 2011), the length of the fossil species would have been similar (see Differential Diagnosis of K. danomurai below). The skull of Kogia displays a triangular outline, being wider in the facial region and narrowing towards the apex of the rostrum (condi- tion unknown in K. danomurai). This blunt rostrum condition is referred to as amblygnathy (Werth 2006), being highly derived in both the extant species. The rostrum is flat to concave (as highlighted by the rostrum fragment of K. danomurai), thus indicating that the supracranial basin extended anteriorly over the dorsal rostral surface (char. 3[2]). The mesorostral groove is open along the rostrum (unknown in K. danomurai). Ventrally, the maxillae lack functional, well-individualized dental alveoli (char. 6[1]; unknown in K. danomurai). The antorbital notch enters the supracranial basin, extending posteriorly towards the posterior edge of the right bony naris. The external bony nares are located at (or slightly posterior to) the level of the preorbital process. The sagittal facial crest extends posteriorly from the external bony nares and reaches the occipital crest, thus dividing the supracranial basin into a left and a right maxillary fossa and hosting a medially displaced premaxillary fossa. The maxillary crests are moderately to fairly robust and project dorsally above the level of the supracranial basin. In dorsal view, the supraor- bital process extends laterally beyond the lateral walls of the cra- nial vault, a condition enhanced by the relatively low position of the postorbital process (only known in extant Kogia spp.) The relative size of the maxillary fossae varies, from being moderately asymmetrical (as in K. danomurai) to overall similar in size to each other (as in extant K. sima and K. breviceps). Posteriorly, the occipital shield is flat and forms an angle of c. 90° with the main body axis (char.30[2]). The surface of the occipital shield is flat to slightly convex. Laterally, the temporal fossa is shallow and proportionally small when compared with the rest of the skull, being notoriously reduced in K. sima.