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Metoposauridae

- Metoposauridae

Taxonomy

Metoposauridae was named by Watson (1919). Its type is Metoposaurus. It was considered monophyletic by Schoch (2013).

It was assigned to Metoposauroidea by Carroll (1988), Murry (1989), Long and Murry (1995) and Yates and Warren (2000); to Stereospondyli by Watson (1919) and Parker and Irmis (2005); to Temnospondyli by Sulej (2007); to Trematosauroidea by Schoch (2013); and to Stereospondyli by Kuhn (1946) and Buffa et al. (2019).

Subtaxa

Anaschisma, Anaschisma brachygnatha, Anaschisma browni, Apachesaurus, Arganasaurus, Bogdania, Dictyocephalus, Dutuitosaurus, Eupelor, Koskinonodon (syn. Buettneria, Kalamoiketer, Borborophagus), Mastodonsaurus durus, Metoposaurus (syn. Metopias) (type genus), Metoposaurus fraasi (syn. Buettneria major), Metoposaurus hoffmani, Metoposaurus jonesi, Panthasaurus, Trigonosternum, Trigonosternum latum

View classification of included taxa

Synonyms

Metoposaurus fraasi was named by Lucas (1904). Its type specimen is USNM 2152, a limb element (interclavicle), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is 5 miles east of Tanners Crossing, which is in a Norian terrestrial horizon in the Chinle Formation of Arizona.

It was synonymized subjectively with Buettneria perfecta by Long and Murry (1995); it was considered a nomen dubium by Hunt (1993) and Schoch and Milner (2000).
Metoposaurus jonesi was named by Case (1920). Its type specimen is UMMP 3814, a set of postcrania (interclavicle and clavicles), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Head of Holmes Creek, which is in a Carnian/Norian channel lag claystone in the Tecovas Formation of Texas.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Hunt (1993) and Schoch and Milner (2000).
Metoposaurus hoffmani was named by Dutuit (1978). Its type specimen is MAD.1-4, a partial skeleton (interclavicular and skull fragments), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is north-northwest of Folakara, which is in a Triassic terrestrial horizon in the Isalo II Formation of Madagascar.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2000).
Dictyocephalus was named by Leidy (1856). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2000).

It was assigned to Mastodonsauridae by Hay (1902).
Buettneria major was named by Branson and Mehl (1929).

It was synonymized subjectively with Metoposaurus fraasi by Chowdhury (1965).
Trigonosternum latum was named by Schmidt (1931). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Colbert and Imbrie (1956).
Eupelor was named by Cope (1869). Its type is Mastodonsaurus durus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Metoposaurus by Chowdhury (1965); it was considered a nomen vanum by Welles and Cosgriff (1965); it was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2000).

It was assigned to Metoposauridae by Cope (1866); and to Mastodonsauridae by Hay (1902).
Anaschisma was named by Branson (1905).

It was synonymized subjectively with Metoposaurus by Chowdhury (1965); it was misspelled as Anaschima by Carroll (1988) and Hunt (1989); it was considered a nomen dubium by Hunt (1993) and Schoch and Milner (2000).

It was assigned to Metoposauridae by Watson (1919), Carroll (1988) and Hunt (1989).
Anaschisma browni was named by Branson (1905). Its type specimen is FMNH UC 447, a skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Willow Creek, which is in a Carnian terrestrial horizon in the Popo Agie Formation of Wyoming.

It was synonymized subjectively with Eupelor durus by Colbert and Imbrie (1956); it was recombined as Metoposaurus browni by Chowdhury (1965); it was considered a nomen dubium by Hunt (1993) and Schoch and Milner (2000).
Anaschisma brachygnatha was named by Branson (1905). Its type specimen is FMNH UC 448, a skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Willow Creek, which is in a Carnian terrestrial horizon in the Popo Agie Formation of Wyoming.

It was synonymized subjectively with Metoposaurus browni by Chowdhury (1965); it was considered a nomen dubium by Hunt (1993) and Schoch and Milner (2000).
Dictyocephalus elegans was named by Leidy (1856). Its type specimen is AMNH 5661, a partial skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is New Egypt coal mine, which is in a Norian terrestrial horizon in the Cumnock Formation of North Carolina.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2000).
Mastodonsaurus durus was named by Cope (1866). It is not extant. Its type locality is Phoenixville Tunnel, which is in a Norian terrestrial shale in the Lockatong Formation of Pennsylvania. It is the type species of Eupelor.

It was recombined as Eupelor durus by Cope (1868), Cope (1869), Miller (1879) and Hay (1902); it was recombined as Metoposaurus durus by Chowdhury (1965); it was considered a nomen vanum by Welles and Cosgriff (1965); it was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch (1999) and Schoch and Milner (2000).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1856	Dictyocephalus Leidy p. 256
1856	Dictyocephalus elegans Leidy p. 256
1857	Dictyocephalus elegans Emmons p. 59
1866	Eupelor Cope
1866	Mastodonsaurus durus Cope p. 250
1868	Eupelor durus Cope
1869	Eupelor Cope p. 25
1869	Eupelor durus Cope p. 25
1879	Eupelor durus Miller p. 156
1902	Dictyocephalus Hay p. 423
1902	Dictyocephalus elegans Hay p. 423
1902	Eupelor Hay p. 423
1902	Eupelor durus Hay p. 423
1904	Metoposaurus fraasi Lucas
1905	Anaschisma brachygnatha Branson
1905	Anaschisma browni Branson
1905	Anaschisma Branson p. 570
1905	Anaschisma browni Branson p. 585
1905	Anaschisma brachygnatha Branson p. 588
1919	Anaschima Watson p. 67
1919	Metoposauridae Watson p. 67
1920	Metoposaurus jonesi Case p. 3 figs. Pl. 1
1929	Buettneria major Branson and Mehl
1931	Trigonosternum latum Schmidt
1946	Metoposauridae Kuhn p. 52
1965	Metoposaurus browni Chowdhury p. 42
1965	Metoposaurus durus Chowdhury p. 42
1965	Metoposaurus fraasi Chowdhury p. 42
1978	Metoposaurus hoffmani Dutuit
1988	Anaschima Carroll
1988	Metoposauridae Carroll
1989	Anaschisma Hunt p. 297 fig. 1
1989	Metoposauridae Murry p. 271
1989	Metoposaurus fraasi Murry p. 271
1995	Metoposauridae Long and Murry
2000	Metoposauridae Yates and Warren pp. 84, 101 fig. 1
2005	Metoposauridae Parker and Irmis p. 46
2007	Metoposauridae Sulej
2013	Metoposauridae Schoch
2019	Metoposauridae Buffa et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Triploblastica
—	Nephrozoa
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
—	Sarcopterygii
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Tetrapoda	()
—	Temnospondyli	()
—	Eutemnospondyli
—	Rhachitomi	()
—	Eryopiformes
—	Stereospondylomorpha
—	Stereospondyli	()
—	Trematosauria
superfamily	Trematosauroidea
family	Metoposauridae
family	Metoposauridae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
T. Sulej 2007	"Large oval widely separated orbits situated in the anterior half of the skull; nares large; a suture of the exoccipital with pterygoid perpendicular to long axis of the skull and visible in ventral view; very wide the cultriform process with a long exposure of the anterior end; the quadrate condyle subtriangular in ventral view; deep and rounded sinus pterygoidei below the oblique crest on the posterior side of the ascending ramus of the pterygoid; a posterior tongue of the articular extends posteriorly between the surangular and the prearticular along the dorsal surface of the retroarticular process; the prearticular short anteriorly; the parapophysis on two neighbouring intercentra of the presacral and sacral region; the clavicles with an indentation in the clavicular blade; the manus and pes unusually large; the femur with the main axes of the proximal and distal heads set to each other at 90 degrees"