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Taxonomy
Monachinae was named by Trouessart (1897). It is extant.
It was assigned to Phocidae by Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Kellogg (1922), Weber (1928), Friant (1947), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Burns and Fay (1970), Stirling (1971), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Hendey (1974), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Muizon and Hendey (1980), Muizon (1981), Muizon (1981), Muizon and Bond (1982), Muizon (1982), Riedman (1990), Koretsky (1991), Ling and Bryden (1992), Rice (1998), Ginsburg and Janvier (1999), Koretsky (2001), Berta (2002), Koretsky and Holec (2002), Koretsky and Grigorescu (2002), Deméré et al. (2003), Adam (2004), Davis et al. (2004), Koretsky and Barnes (2008), Koretsky and Ray (2008), Berta (2009), Fulton and Strobeck (2010), Bianucci et al. (2011), Amson and Muizon (2013), Koretsky et al. (2014), Koretsky and Domning (2014), Berta et al. (2015), Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2016), Boessenecker and Churchill (2016), Berta (2017), Rahmat et al. (2017), Dewaele et al. (2018), Dewaele et al. (2018), Berta (2018), Dewaele and Lambert (2018), Govender (2018), Berta et al. (2018), Albright et al. (2019), Kienle and Berta (2019), Rule et al. (2020), Rule et al. (2020), Hafed et al. (2021), Hafed et al. (2023), Hafed et al. (2024) and Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Phocidae by Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Kellogg (1922), Weber (1928), Friant (1947), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Burns and Fay (1970), Stirling (1971), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Hendey (1974), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Muizon and Hendey (1980), Muizon (1981), Muizon (1981), Muizon and Bond (1982), Muizon (1982), Riedman (1990), Koretsky (1991), Ling and Bryden (1992), Rice (1998), Ginsburg and Janvier (1999), Koretsky (2001), Berta (2002), Koretsky and Holec (2002), Koretsky and Grigorescu (2002), Deméré et al. (2003), Adam (2004), Davis et al. (2004), Koretsky and Barnes (2008), Koretsky and Ray (2008), Berta (2009), Fulton and Strobeck (2010), Bianucci et al. (2011), Amson and Muizon (2013), Koretsky et al. (2014), Koretsky and Domning (2014), Berta et al. (2015), Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2016), Boessenecker and Churchill (2016), Berta (2017), Rahmat et al. (2017), Dewaele et al. (2018), Dewaele et al. (2018), Berta (2018), Dewaele and Lambert (2018), Govender (2018), Berta et al. (2018), Albright et al. (2019), Kienle and Berta (2019), Rule et al. (2020), Rule et al. (2020), Hafed et al. (2021), Hafed et al. (2023), Hafed et al. (2024) and Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2024).
Subtaxa
Acrophoca, Afrophoca, Auroraphoca, Australophoca, Callophoca, Hadrokirus, Homiphoca, Hydrurga (syn. Ogmorhinus), Leptonychotes (syn. Poecilophoca, Leptonyx, Peocilophoca), Lobodon (syn. Ogmorhinus, Leptorhynchus), Lobodontini, Magnotherium, Mesotaria, Mirounga (syn. Physorhinus, Rhinophoca, Macrorhyna, Macrorhinus), Miroungini, Monachini, Monachus (syn. Pelagios, Mammonachus, Pelagocyon, Heliophoca), Monotherium wymani, Neomonachus, Noriphoca, Ommatophoca, Paleophoca nystii, Palmidophoca, Piscophoca, Pliophoca, Pontophoca, Pristiphoca, Pristiphoca occitana, Sarcodectes, Seronectes, Terranectes, Terranectes magnus, Terranectes parvus, Virginiaphoca
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1847 | Phoca occitana Gervais and de Serres p. 799 |
1852 | Phoca occitana Gervais p. 140 figs. Plate VIII, Fig. 7 |
1853 | Pristiphoca Gervais p. 309 figs. Plate VI, Fig. 4 |
1853 | Pristiphoca occitana Gervais p. 309 figs. Plate VI, Fig. 4 |
1854 | Phoca wymani Leidy |
1857 | Phoca wymani Leidy p. 265 |
1859 | Paleophoca nystii Van Beneden pp. 255-258 |
1869 | Phoca wymani Leidy p. 415 |
1874 | Palaeophoca nystii Vanden Broeck p. 199 |
1876 | Mesotaria Van Beneden p. 796 |
1887 | Pristiphoca Depéret p. 278 |
1893 | Pristiphoca Depéret p. 204 |
1897 | Monachinae Trouessart p. 378 |
1898 | Mesotaria Trouessart p. 377 |
1898 | Monachinae Trouessart p. 378 |
1898 | Monachus (Pristiphoca) Trouessart p. 379 |
1898 | Monachus (Pristiphoca) occitana Trouessart p. 379 |
1902 | Phoca wymani Hay p. 785 |
1904 | Phoca wymani Case p. 29 |
1904 | Mesotaria Palmer p. 416 |
1904 | Pristiphoca Palmer p. 563 |
1904 | Mesotaria Trouessart p. 282 |
1904 | Monachinae Trouessart p. 282 |
1904 | Monachus (Pristiphoca) Trouessart p. 283 |
1904 | Monachus (Pristiphoca) nysti Trouessart p. 283 |
1922 | Monachinae Kellogg p. 87 |
1922 | Mesotaria Kellogg p. 109 |
1922 | Pristiphoca Kellogg p. 110 |
1922 | Pristiphoca occitana Kellogg p. 110 |
1922 | Paleophoca nystii Kellogg p. 111 |
1922 | Phoca wymani Kellogg p. 120 |
1925 | Pristiphoca Zittel p. 78 |
1928 | Monachinae Weber p. 351 |
1930 | Phoca wymani Hay p. 564 |
1947 | Mesotaria Friant p. 5 |
1947 | Monachinae Friant p. 5 |
1947 | Monachus (Pristiphoca) Friant p. 6 |
1947 | Monachus (Pristiphoca) occitanicus Friant p. 6 |
1950 | Pristiphoca Thenius p. 106 |
1963 | Monachinae Scheffer and Rice p. 3 |
1970 | Monachinae Burns and Fay p. 380 |
1971 | Monachinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 163 |
1971 | Pristiphoca Ginsburg and Janvier p. 163 |
1971 | Monachinae Stirling p. 1 |
1972 | Paleophoca nystii Hendey p. 100 |
1972 | Pristiphoca Hendey p. 100 |
1972 | Pristiphoca occitana Hendey p. 100 |
1974 | Monachinae Hendey p. 66 |
1975 | Pristiphoca Ginsburg and Janvier p. 78 |
1976 | Phoca wymani Ray p. 4 |
1976 | Paleophoca nystii Ray p. 394 |
1980 | Monachinae Kurten and Anderson p. 207 |
1980 | Monachinae Muizon and Hendey p. 94 |
1981 | Monachinae Muizon p. 19 |
1981 | Pristiphoca Muizon p. 135 |
1981 | Monachinae Muizon p. 183 |
1982 | Monachinae Muizon p. 205 figs. Table 1 |
1982 | Pristiphoca Muizon p. 205 figs. Table 1 |
1982 | Monachinae Muizon and Bond p. 172 |
1990 | Monachinae Riedman p. 57 figs. Table 2 |
1991 | Monachinae Koretsky p. 41A |
1992 | Monachinae Ling and Bryden p. 1 |
1997 | Mesotaria McKenna and Bell p. 259 |
1997 | Pristiphoca McKenna and Bell p. 259 |
1998 | Monachinae Rice |
1999 | Monachinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 171 |
2001 | Monachinae Koretsky p. 86 |
2001 | Monotherium wymani Koretsky p. 86 |
2002 | Monachinae Berta p. 923 |
2002 | Paleophoca nystii Kazár p. 163 |
2002 | Monachinae Koretsky and Grigorescu p. 150 |
2002 | Monachinae Koretsky and Holec p. 175 figs. Fig. 9 |
2002 | Mesotaria Sepkoski |
2002 | Pristiphoca Sepkoski |
2003 | Monachinae Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3 |
2003 | Monotherium wymani Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3 |
2003 | Pristiphoca Deméré et al. p. 63 |
2003 | Phoca wymani Dooley p. 14 |
2004 | Monachinae Adam p. 1 |
2004 | Monachinae Davis et al. p. 365 |
2008 | Monachinae Koretsky and Barnes p. 549 |
2008 | Monachinae Koretsky and Ray p. 90 |
2008 | Mesotaria Koretsky and Ray p. 99 |
2008 | Paleophoca nystii Uhen et al. p. 577 |
2009 | Monachinae Berta p. 863 |
2010 | Monachinae Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1 |
2010 | Pristiphoca Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1 |
2011 | Monachinae Bianucci et al. p. 576 |
2013 | Monachinae Amson and Muizon |
2014 | Monachinae Koretsky and Domning p. 224 |
2014 | Monachinae Koretsky et al. p. 421 |
2015 | Monachinae Berta et al. p. 3 |
2015 | Monotherium wymani Berta et al. p. 3 figs. Table 1 |
2016 | Monachinae Boessenecker and Churchill |
2016 | Monachinae Valenzuela-Toro et al. p. 4 |
2017 | Monachinae Berta p. 157 |
2017 | Pristiphoca Berta p. 157 |
2017 | Monachinae Rahmat et al. p. 224 |
2017 | Terranectes Rahmat et al. p. 224 figs. gs 4–11; tables 1–5 |
2017 | Terranectes magnus Rahmat et al. p. 228 figs. gs 4–11; tables 1–5 |
2017 | Terranectes parvus Rahmat et al. p. 234 figs. gs 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12; tables 1–5 |
2018 | Monachinae Berta p. 715 figs. Fig. 3C |
2018 | Monachinae Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 2 |
2018 | Monachinae Dewaele and Lambert p. 6 |
2018 | Monachinae Dewaele et al. p. 7 |
2018 | Monachinae Govender p. 2 |
2019 | Monachinae Albright et al. p. 179 |
2019 | Monachinae Kienle and Berta |
2020 | Monachinae Rule et al. p. 2 |
2021 | Monachinae Hafed et al. p. 707 |
2023 | Monachinae Hafed et al. |
2024 | Monachinae Hafed et al. |
2024 | Monachinae Valenzuela-Toro et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. Monachinae Trouessart 1897
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G. †Australophoca Valenzuela-Toro et al. 2016
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†Australophoca changorum Valenzuela-Toro et al. 2016
G. †Hadrokirus Amson and Muizon 2013
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†Hadrokirus martini Amson and Muizon 2013
†Hadrokirus novotini Hafed et al. 2023
G. †Homiphoca Muizon and Hendey 1980
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†Homiphoca capensis Hendey and Repenning 1972
†Homiphoca murfreesi Hafed et al. 2023
G. Hydrurga Gistel 1848 [leopard seal]
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Hydrurga leptonyx de Blainville 1820 [leopard seal]
Invalid names: Ogmorhinus Peters 1875 [synonym], Ogmorhinus (Ogmorhinus) Trouessart 1904 [invalid subgroup]
G. Leptonychotes Gill 1872 [Weddell seal]
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Leptonychotes weddellii Lesson 1826
Invalid names: Leptonyx Gray 1837 [synonym], Peocilophoca Lydekker 1891 [synonym], Poecilophoca Lydekker 1891 [synonym]
G. Lobodon Gray 1844 [crabeater seal]
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Lobodon carcinophaga Hombron and Jacquinot 1843 [crabeater seal]
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Invalid names: Stenorhynchus serridens Owen 1843 [synonym]
†Lobodon vetus Leidy 1853
Invalid names: Leptorhynchus Gray 1844 [synonym], Ogmorhinus Turner 1888 [synonym]
G. Mirounga Gray 1827 [elephant seal]
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Mirounga angustirostris Gill 1866 [northern elephant seal]
Mirounga leonina Linnaeus 1758 [southern elephant seal]
Morunga elephantina Molina 1782
Invalid names: Macrorhinus Cuvier 1824 [synonym], Macrorhyna Gray 1827 [synonym], Physorhinus Gloger 1841 [synonym], Rhinophoca Wagler 1830 [synonym]
Tr. Monachini Trouessart 1904
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G. Monachus Flemming 1822 [monk seal]
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Subg. Monachus (Monachus) Trouessart 1898
Subg. †Monachus (Monatherium) Van Beneden 1876
Monachus monachus Hermann 1779 [Mediterranean monk seal]
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Invalid names: Monachus albiventer Boddaert 1785 [synonym]
Invalid names: Heliophoca Gray 1854 [synonym], Mammonachus Herrera 1899 [synonym], Pelagios Cuvier 1824 [synonym], Pelagocyon Gloger 1842 [synonym]
G. Neomonachus Scheel et al. 2014 [Hawaiian monk seal]
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Neomonachus schauinslandi Hermann 1779 [Hawaiian monk seal]
G. †Palmidophoca Ginsburg and Janvier 1975
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†Palmidophoca callirhoe Ginsburg and Janvier 1975
Invalid names: Palmidophoca chrysar Ginsburg and Janvier 1999 [nomen dubium]
G. †Pontophoca Kretzoi 1941
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†Pontophoca jutlandica Koretsky et al. 2014
†Pontophoca sarmatica Alekseev 1924
†Pontophoca simionescui Kretzoi 1941
Invalid names: Lobodontini Gray 1869 [empty], Mesotaria Van Beneden 1876 [nomen dubium], Miroungini Muizon 1981 [empty], Monotherium wymani Leidy 1854 [invalid subgroup], Paleophoca nystii Van Beneden 1859 [nomen dubium], Pristiphoca Gervais 1853 [nomen nudum], Pristiphoca occitana Gervais and de Serres 1847 [nomen nudum], Terranectes Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium], Terranectes magnus Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium], Terranectes parvus Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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I. A. Koretsky and D. P. Domning 2014 | Body of mandible large, thick, and deep, with wide but short, square-shaped teeth; metaconid and basal cingulum weakly developed; mental process present; symphysis reaches middle of alveolus p2; postcanine tooth row oriented parallel to axis of mandible; posterior alveoli oblique; postcanine teeth multicusped; alveolus of p4 bigger than those of m1; diastemata between teeth absent (see also phylogenetic analysis of Monachinae in Koretsky and Grigorescu, 2002). | |
A. Hafed et al. 2021 | Mandibular chin prominence present; body of mandible thick and large; mandibular symphysis thick; two mandibular incisors. |