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Monachinae

Mammalia - Carnivora - Phocidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1847Phoca occitana Gervais and de Serres p. 799
1852Phoca occitana Gervais p. 140 figs. Plate VIII, Fig. 7
1853Pristiphoca Gervais p. 309 figs. Plate VI, Fig. 4
1853Pristiphoca occitana Gervais p. 309 figs. Plate VI, Fig. 4
1854Phoca wymani Leidy
1857Phoca wymani Leidy p. 265
1859Paleophoca nystii Van Beneden pp. 255-258
1869Phoca wymani Leidy p. 415
1874Palaeophoca nystii Vanden Broeck p. 199
1876Mesotaria Van Beneden p. 796
1887Pristiphoca Depéret p. 278
1893Pristiphoca Depéret p. 204
1897Monachinae Trouessart p. 378
1898Mesotaria Trouessart p. 377
1898Monachinae Trouessart p. 378
1898Monachus (Pristiphoca) Trouessart p. 379
1898Monachus (Pristiphoca) occitana Trouessart p. 379
1902Phoca wymani Hay p. 785
1904Phoca wymani Case p. 29
1904Mesotaria Palmer p. 416
1904Pristiphoca Palmer p. 563
1904Mesotaria Trouessart p. 282
1904Monachinae Trouessart p. 282
1904Monachus (Pristiphoca) Trouessart p. 283
1904Monachus (Pristiphoca) nysti Trouessart p. 283
1922Monachinae Kellogg p. 87
1922Mesotaria Kellogg p. 109
1922Pristiphoca Kellogg p. 110
1922Pristiphoca occitana Kellogg p. 110
1922Paleophoca nystii Kellogg p. 111
1922Phoca wymani Kellogg p. 120
1925Pristiphoca Zittel p. 78
1928Monachinae Weber p. 351
1930Phoca wymani Hay p. 564
1947Mesotaria Friant p. 5
1947Monachinae Friant p. 5
1947Monachus (Pristiphoca) Friant p. 6
1947Monachus (Pristiphoca) occitanicus Friant p. 6
1950Pristiphoca Thenius p. 106
1963Monachinae Scheffer and Rice p. 3
1970Monachinae Burns and Fay p. 380
1971Monachinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 163
1971Pristiphoca Ginsburg and Janvier p. 163
1971Monachinae Stirling p. 1
1972Paleophoca nystii Hendey p. 100
1972Pristiphoca Hendey p. 100
1972Pristiphoca occitana Hendey p. 100
1974Monachinae Hendey p. 66
1975Pristiphoca Ginsburg and Janvier p. 78
1976Phoca wymani Ray p. 4
1976Paleophoca nystii Ray p. 394
1980Monachinae Kurten and Anderson p. 207
1980Monachinae Muizon and Hendey p. 94
1981Monachinae Muizon p. 19
1981Pristiphoca Muizon p. 135
1981Monachinae Muizon p. 183
1982Monachinae Muizon p. 205 figs. Table 1
1982Pristiphoca Muizon p. 205 figs. Table 1
1982Monachinae Muizon and Bond p. 172
1990Monachinae Riedman p. 57 figs. Table 2
1991Monachinae Koretsky p. 41A
1992Monachinae Ling and Bryden p. 1
1997Mesotaria McKenna and Bell p. 259
1997Pristiphoca McKenna and Bell p. 259
1998Monachinae Rice
1999Monachinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 171
2001Monachinae Koretsky p. 86
2001Monotherium wymani Koretsky p. 86
2002Monachinae Berta p. 923
2002Paleophoca nystii Kazár p. 163
2002Monachinae Koretsky and Grigorescu p. 150
2002Monachinae Koretsky and Holec p. 175 figs. Fig. 9
2002Mesotaria Sepkoski
2002Pristiphoca Sepkoski
2003Monachinae Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3
2003Monotherium wymani Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3
2003Pristiphoca Deméré et al. p. 63
2003Phoca wymani Dooley p. 14
2004Monachinae Adam p. 1
2004Monachinae Davis et al. p. 365
2008Monachinae Koretsky and Barnes p. 549
2008Monachinae Koretsky and Ray p. 90
2008Mesotaria Koretsky and Ray p. 99
2008Paleophoca nystii Uhen et al. p. 577
2009Monachinae Berta p. 863
2010Monachinae Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1
2010Pristiphoca Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1
2011Monachinae Bianucci et al. p. 576
2013Monachinae Amson and Muizon
2014Monachinae Koretsky and Domning p. 224
2014Monachinae Koretsky et al. p. 421
2015Monachinae Berta et al. p. 3
2015Monotherium wymani Berta et al. p. 3 figs. Table 1
2016Monachinae Boessenecker and Churchill
2016Monachinae Valenzuela-Toro et al. p. 4
2017Monachinae Berta p. 157
2017Pristiphoca Berta p. 157
2017Monachinae Rahmat et al. p. 224
2017Terranectes Rahmat et al. p. 224 figs. gs 4–11; tables 1–5
2017Terranectes magnus Rahmat et al. p. 228 figs. gs 4–11; tables 1–5
2017Terranectes parvus Rahmat et al. p. 234 figs. gs 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12; tables 1–5
2018Monachinae Berta p. 715 figs. Fig. 3C
2018Monachinae Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 2
2018Monachinae Dewaele and Lambert p. 6
2018Monachinae Dewaele et al. p. 7
2018Monachinae Govender p. 2
2019Monachinae Albright et al. p. 179
2019Monachinae Kienle and Berta
2020Monachinae Rule et al. p. 2
2021Monachinae Hafed et al. p. 707
2023Monachinae Hafed et al.
2024Monachinae Hafed et al.
2024Monachinae Valenzuela-Toro et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Life
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
RankNameAuthor
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Scrotifera
Ferae()
CarnivoramorphaWyss and Flynn 1993
CarnivoraformesFlynn et al.
orderCarnivora
suborderCaniformiaKretzoi 1943
infraorderCanoidea(Simpson 1931)
superfamilyArctoideaFlower 1869
PanpinnipediaWolsan et al. 2020
Pinnipedimorpha
Pinnipedia()
superfamilyPhocoideaSmirnov 1908
familyPhocidae()
subfamilyMonachinae
subfamilyMonachinae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. Monachinae Trouessart 1897
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G. †Acrophoca Muizon 1981
+
Acrophoca longirostris Muizon 1981
G. †Afrophoca Koretsky and Domning 2014
+
Afrophoca libyca Koretsky and Domning 2014
G. †Auroraphoca Dewaele et al. 2018
+
Auroraphoca atlantica Dewaele et al. 2018
G. †Australophoca Valenzuela-Toro et al. 2016
+
Australophoca changorum Valenzuela-Toro et al. 2016
G. †Callophoca Van Beneden 1876
+
Invalid names: Callophoca obscura Van Beneden 1876 [nomen dubium]
G. †Hadrokirus Amson and Muizon 2013
+
Hadrokirus martini Amson and Muizon 2013
Hadrokirus novotini Hafed et al. 2023
G. †Homiphoca Muizon and Hendey 1980
+
Homiphoca capensis Hendey and Repenning 1972
Homiphoca murfreesi Hafed et al. 2023
G. Hydrurga Gistel 1848 [leopard seal]
+
Hydrurga leptonyx de Blainville 1820 [leopard seal]
Invalid names: Ogmorhinus Peters 1875 [synonym], Ogmorhinus (Ogmorhinus) Trouessart 1904 [invalid subgroup]
G. Leptonychotes Gill 1872 [Weddell seal]
+
Invalid names: Leptonyx Gray 1837 [synonym], Peocilophoca Lydekker 1891 [synonym], Poecilophoca Lydekker 1891 [synonym]
G. Lobodon Gray 1844 [crabeater seal]
+
Lobodon carcinophaga Hombron and Jacquinot 1843 [crabeater seal]
+
Invalid names: Stenorhynchus serridens Owen 1843 [synonym]
Lobodon vetus Leidy 1853
Invalid names: Leptorhynchus Gray 1844 [synonym], Ogmorhinus Turner 1888 [synonym]
G. †Magnotherium Rahmat et al. 2021
+
Magnotherium johnsii Rahmat et al. 2021
G. Mirounga Gray 1827 [elephant seal]
+
Mirounga angustirostris Gill 1866 [northern elephant seal]
Mirounga leonina Linnaeus 1758 [southern elephant seal]
Morunga elephantina Molina 1782
Invalid names: Macrorhinus Cuvier 1824 [synonym], Macrorhyna Gray 1827 [synonym], Physorhinus Gloger 1841 [synonym], Rhinophoca Wagler 1830 [synonym]
Tr. Monachini Trouessart 1904
+
G. †Eomonachus Rule et al. 2020
+
Eomonachus belegaerensis Rule et al. 2020
G. Monachus Flemming 1822 [monk seal]
+
Subg. Monachus (Monachus) Trouessart 1898
Subg. †Monachus (Monatherium) Van Beneden 1876
Monachus monachus Hermann 1779 [Mediterranean monk seal]
+
Invalid names: Monachus albiventer Boddaert 1785 [synonym]
Invalid names: Heliophoca Gray 1854 [synonym], Mammonachus Herrera 1899 [synonym], Pelagios Cuvier 1824 [synonym], Pelagocyon Gloger 1842 [synonym]
G. Neomonachus Scheel et al. 2014 [Hawaiian monk seal]
+
Neomonachus schauinslandi Hermann 1779 [Hawaiian monk seal]
+
Invalid names: Cystophora antillarum Gray 1849 [synonym]
G. †Noriphoca Dewaele et al. 2018
+
Noriphoca gaudini Guiscardi 1870
G. Ommatophoca Gray 1844 [Ross seal]
+
G. †Palmidophoca Ginsburg and Janvier 1975
+
Palmidophoca callirhoe Ginsburg and Janvier 1975
Invalid names: Palmidophoca chrysar Ginsburg and Janvier 1999 [nomen dubium]
G. †Piscophoca Muizon 1981
+
Piscophoca pacifica Muizon 1981
G. †Pliophoca Tavani 1941
+
Pliophoca etrusca Tavani 1941
G. †Pontophoca Kretzoi 1941
+
Pontophoca jutlandica Koretsky et al. 2014
Pontophoca sarmatica Alekseev 1924
Pontophoca simionescui Kretzoi 1941
G. †Sarcodectes Rule et al. 2020
+
Sarcodectes magnus Rule et al. 2020
G. †Seronectes Hafed et al. 2024
+
Seronectes meherrinensis Hafed et al. 2024
G. †Virginiaphoca Dewaele et al. 2018
+
Virginiaphoca magurai Dewaele et al. 2018
Invalid names: Lobodontini Gray 1869 [empty], Mesotaria Van Beneden 1876 [nomen dubium], Miroungini Muizon 1981 [empty], Monotherium wymani Leidy 1854 [invalid subgroup], Paleophoca nystii Van Beneden 1859 [nomen dubium], Pristiphoca Gervais 1853 [nomen nudum], Pristiphoca occitana Gervais and de Serres 1847 [nomen nudum], Terranectes Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium], Terranectes magnus Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium], Terranectes parvus Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
I. A. Koretsky and D. P. Domning 2014Body of mandible large, thick, and deep, with wide but short, square-shaped teeth; metaconid and basal cingulum weakly developed; mental process present; symphysis reaches middle of alveolus p2; postcanine tooth row oriented parallel to axis of mandible; posterior alveoli oblique; postcanine teeth multicusped; alveolus of p4 bigger than those of m1; diastemata between teeth absent (see also phylogenetic analysis of Monachinae in Koretsky and Grigorescu, 2002).
A. Hafed et al. 2021Mandibular chin prominence present; body of mandible thick and large; mandibular symphysis thick; two mandibular incisors.