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Jainosaurus septentrionalis
Taxonomy
Antarctosaurus septentrionalis was named by Huene and Matley (1933). Its type specimen is GSI IM K27/497, a partial skeleton (braincase), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Bara Simla, Jabalpur [Sauropod Bed], which is in a Maastrichtian terrestrial claystone in the Lameta Formation of India.
It was synonymized subjectively with Titanosaurus indicus by Prasad and Sahni (1999); it was recombined as Jainosaurus septentrionalis by Hunt et al. (1995), Loyal et al. (1996), Khosla and Sahni (2003), Upchurch et al. (2004), Curry Rogers (2005), Wilson and Mohabey (2006), Wilson et al. (2009), D'Emic et al. (2009), Prasad and Sahni (2009), Mohabey (2011), Díez Díaz et al. (2011), Prasad (2012), Vila et al. (2012), Mohabey et al. (2013), Wilson et al. (2019), Malkani (2020), Malkani (2020), Páramo et al. (2020), Sakagami and Kawabe (2020), Khosla and Bajpai (2021), Khosla (2021), Khosla and Lucas (2023) and Dhiman et al. (2023).
It was synonymized subjectively with Titanosaurus indicus by Prasad and Sahni (1999); it was recombined as Jainosaurus septentrionalis by Hunt et al. (1995), Loyal et al. (1996), Khosla and Sahni (2003), Upchurch et al. (2004), Curry Rogers (2005), Wilson and Mohabey (2006), Wilson et al. (2009), D'Emic et al. (2009), Prasad and Sahni (2009), Mohabey (2011), Díez Díaz et al. (2011), Prasad (2012), Vila et al. (2012), Mohabey et al. (2013), Wilson et al. (2019), Malkani (2020), Malkani (2020), Páramo et al. (2020), Sakagami and Kawabe (2020), Khosla and Bajpai (2021), Khosla (2021), Khosla and Lucas (2023) and Dhiman et al. (2023).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1933 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Huene and Matley p. 11 figs. 5-6 |
| 1947 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Swinton p. 114 |
| 1957 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Lapparent p. 112 |
| 1969 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Van Valen p. 624 |
| 1970 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Steel p. 75 |
| 1977 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Rozhdestvensky p. 113 |
| 1987 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Casanovas et al. p. 98 |
| 1988 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Pant et al. p. 56 |
| 1988 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 416 |
| 1989 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Jain p. 100 |
| 1995 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Hunt et al. p. 266 |
| 1996 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Chatterjee and Rudra p. 514 |
| 1996 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Loyal et al. p. 629 |
| 1996 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Mohabey p. 367 |
| 1996 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Mohabey and Udhoji p. 354 |
| 1997 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Sahni p. 365 |
| 1997 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Salgado and Calvo p. 37 |
| 2001 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Mohabey p. 482 |
| 2001 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Tandon p. 126 |
| 2002 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Wilson p. 248 |
| 2003 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Khosla and Sahni p. 900 |
| 2003 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Powell p. 73 |
| 2004 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Upchurch et al. p. 269 |
| 2005 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Curry Rogers p. 66 |
| 2005 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Mohabey p. 469 |
| 2006 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Wilson and Mohabey p. 475 |
| 2007 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Malkani |
| 2009 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis D'Emic et al. p. 167 |
| 2009 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Prasad and Sahni p. 372 |
| 2009 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Wilson et al. pp. 19-20 figs. 2-8 |
| 2011 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Díez Díaz et al. p. 522 |
| 2011 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Mohabey p. 133 |
| 2012 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Prasad p. 606 |
| 2012 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Vila et al. p. 29 |
| 2013 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Mohabey et al. pp. 35-36 |
| 2015 | Antarctosaurus septentrionalis Fernández and Khosla p. 176 |
| 2019 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Wilson et al. p. 18 |
| 2020 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Malkani p. 435 |
| 2020 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Páramo et al. p. 383 |
| 2020 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Sakagami and Kawabe p. 12 |
| 2021 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Khosla p. 1437 |
| 2021 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Khosla and Bajpai p. 195 |
| 2023 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Dhiman et al. p. 2 |
| 2023 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis Khosla and Lucas p. 708 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Jainosaurus septentrionalis Huene and Matley 1933
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Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| J. A. Wilson et al. 2009 | Jainosaurus septentrionalis is recognized as a derived member of Titanosauria based on the presence of a contact between quadrate and the basal tubera and a pendant, nonarticular ventral flange on the paroccipital processes (Wilson, 2002, 2005). Jainosaurus shares general similarities with the South American titanosaur Antarctosaurus wichmannianus, such as a tall nuchal crest on the supraoccipital, a sinuous parietal-supraoccipital contact, and broad basal tubera. It shares more specific similarities with “Malagasy Taxon B” (Curry Rogers, unpublished data) and the South American titanosaurs Pitekunsaurus (Fillippi and Garrido, 2008), Muyelensaurus (Calvo et al., 2007), and an unnamed braincase from Río Negro, Argentina (MML 194; García et al., 2008). These include the presence of a broad, shallow fossa between the basal tubera and basipterygoid processes oriented parallel to the plane of the occiput. Additionally, Jainosaurus shares with “Malagasy Taxon B” basal tubera with a small ventrolateral process set off by a notch (Curry Rogers, unpublished data). Jainosaurus septentrionalis is characterized by an elongate spur of the prootic that extends onto the basipterygoid process, a medially inset and obliquely oriented humeral deltopectoral crest, a proximolateral bulge on the deltopectoral crest (shared with other titanosaurs, see below), anteroposteriorly thin bone bounding the deltopectoral fossa on the humerus; and an anteriorly expanded radial condyle on the distal humerus. Jainosaurus can be distinguished Isisaurus by the orientation of the occipital condyle relative to the occiput, the shape of the basal tubera, differences in shape of the scapula and proximal humerus, and the robustness of the ulnar shaft. |