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Sphyraenidae (barracuda)
Taxonomy
Sphyraenidae is a family. It is extant.
It was assigned to Acanthopteri by Leidy (1873); to Teleostomi by Weiler (1938); to Percomorphi by Rapp (1946); to Percesoces by Hay (1902) and Jordan (1963); to Mugiloidea by Casier (1966); to Mugiloidei by Thurmond and Jones (1981); to Scombroidei by Fierstine et al. (2012); to Carangimorphariae by Betancur et al. (2013); to Sphyraenoidei by Bannikov (2014); to Perciformes by Weems (1999), Purdy et al. (2001), Szabo et al. (2017) and Carnevale and Godfrey (2018); and to Istiophoriformes by Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2019) and Cicimurri et al. (2022).
It was assigned to Acanthopteri by Leidy (1873); to Teleostomi by Weiler (1938); to Percomorphi by Rapp (1946); to Percesoces by Hay (1902) and Jordan (1963); to Mugiloidea by Casier (1966); to Mugiloidei by Thurmond and Jones (1981); to Scombroidei by Fierstine et al. (2012); to Carangimorphariae by Betancur et al. (2013); to Sphyraenoidei by Bannikov (2014); to Perciformes by Weems (1999), Purdy et al. (2001), Szabo et al. (2017) and Carnevale and Godfrey (2018); and to Istiophoriformes by Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2019) and Cicimurri et al. (2022).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1873 | Sphyraenidae Leidy p. 288 |
1902 | Sphyraenidae Hay p. 399 |
1938 | Sphyraenidae Weiler p. 24 |
1946 | Sphyraenidae Rapp p. 512 |
1963 | Sphyraenidae Jordan p. 678 |
1966 | Sphyraenidae Casier p. 243 |
1981 | Sphyraenidae Thurmond and Jones p. 102 |
1999 | Sphyraenidae Weems p. 64 |
2001 | Sphyraenidae Purdy et al. p. 179 |
2012 | Sphyraenidae Fierstine et al. p. 144 |
2013 | Sphyraenidae Betancur et al. |
2014 | Sphyraenidae Bannikov p. 29 |
2016 | Sphyraenidae Nelson et al. p. 388 |
2017 | Sphyraenidae Szabo et al. |
2018 | Sphyraenidae Carnevale and Godfrey p. 190 |
2019 | Sphyraenidae Ebersole et al. p. 166 |
2022 | Sphyraenidae Cicimurri et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Sphyraenidae [barracuda]
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G. Sphyraena Artedi 1793 [barracuda]
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†Sphyraena amici Agassiz 1843
Sphyraena argentea Girard 1854
Sphyraena barracuda Edwards 1771
†Sphyraena bognorensis Casier 1966
†Sphyraena crassidens de Beaufort 1926
†Sphyraena croatica Gorjanović-Kramberger 1882
†Sphyraena cunhai Silva-Santos and Travassos 1960
†Sphyraena egleri Silva-Santos and Travassos 1960
†Sphyraena fajumensis Dames 1883
†Sphyraena hansfuchsi Schubert 1906
†Sphyraena intermedia Bassani 1889
†Sphyraena kugleri Casier 1966
†Sphyraena longimana Arambourg 1966
†Sphyraena lugardi White 1926
†Sphyraena major Leidy 1855
†Sphyraena malembeensis Dartevelle and Casier 1943
†Sphyraena muelleri Schwarzhans 1994
Sphyraena novaehollandiae Günther 1900
†Sphyraena pannonica Weiler 1938
†Sphyraena senni Casier 1966
†Sphyraena sternbergensis Winkler 1975
†Sphyraena striata Casier 1946
†Sphyraena substriata Münster 1846
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Invalid names: Saurocephalus inequalis Münster 1846 [synonym], Sphyraena olisiponensis Jonet 1966 [synonym]
†Sphyraena suessi Gorjanović-Kramberger 1882
†Sphyraena tyrolensis von Meyer 1863
†Sphyraena viannai Dartevelle and Casier 1949
†Sphyraena viennensis Steindachner 1859
†Sphyraena weberi Leriche 1954
†Sphyraena winkleri Lawley 1876
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
Reference: Carroll 1988 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian to the top of the Holocene or 70.60000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Collections (102 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Late/Upper Maastrichtian | India (Maharashtra) | Sphyraena sp. (58102) | |
Ypresian | India (Gujarat) | Sphyraena sp. (71438) | |
Ypresian | Italy | Sphyraena bolcensis (94830) | |
Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Sphyraena bognorensis (13299) | |
Ypresian | Belgium | Sphyraena sp., Sphyraena striata (219001) | |
Ypresian - Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | Sphyraena sp. (81179 209524) | |
Eocene | Pakistan | Sphyraena sp. (79971) | |
Wasatchian | USA (Virginia) | Sphyraena bognorensis (15595) | |
Early/Lower Eocene - Middle Eocene | United Kingdom (England) | Sphyraena sp. (3257) | |
Lutetian | Nigeria | Sphyraena lugardi (60711) | |
Lutetian | Ukraine | Sphyraena sp. (211009) | |
Lutetian | USA (Texas) | Sphyraena sp. (209371) | |
Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | Sphyraena sp. (13346 209368 209521 209522) | |
Lutetian | Germany (Lower Saxony,) | Sphyraena fluctuosa (188954) | |
Bartonian | USA (Mississippi) | Sphyraena major (61249) | |
Bartonian | USA (Louisiana) | Sphyraena major (3534) | |
Bartonian | USA (Alabama) | Sphyraena sp. (81266 176944 209520) | |
Bartonian | Nigeria | Sphyraena lugardi (32905) | |
Priabonian | USA (Louisiana) | Sphyraena major (55251 75638) Sphyraena sp. (32925) | |
Priabonian | Barbados | Sphyraena kugleri (220747) Sphyraena senni (220738) Sphyraena sp. (205153 220741 220742) Sphyraena sp., Sphyraena kugleri (220740 220745) | |
Priabonian | Western Sahara | Sphyraena sp. (96686 96688) | |
Priabonian | USA (Arkansas) | Sphyraena sp. (16549) | |
Priabonian | USA (Georgia) | Sphyraena sp. (45640) | |
Late/Upper Eocene | Barbados | Sphyraena sp., Sphyraena kugleri, Sphyraena senni (220735) | |
Early/Lower Oligocene | France | Sphyraena sp. (69805) | |
Rupelian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Sphyraena sp. (68021) | |
Rupelian | USA (South Carolina) | Sphyraena sp. (60444 224900) | |
Rupelian | Hungary | Sphyraena pannonica (124377) | |
Whitneyan | USA (Florida) | Sphyraena sp. (17341) | |
Chattian | Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) | Sphyraena sp. (32012) | |
Chattian | USA (South Carolina) | Sphyraenidae indet. (97550) | |
Chattian | USA (Mississippi) | Sphyraena sp. (49872) | |
Aquitanian | Hungary (Esztergom) | Sphyraena sp. (186636) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | India (Gujarat) | Sphyraena sp. (65798) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | Costa Rica | Sphyraena sp. (187875) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | Indonesia (Maros) | Sphyraenidae indet., Sphyraena crassidens (187654) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil (Para) | Sphyraena cunhai, Sphyraena egleri (65162) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil | Sphyraena cunhai (112581) | |
Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyraena barracuda (48887) | |
Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | Sphyraena sp. (47026) | |
Burdigalian | Colombia (La Guajira) | Sphyraena sp. (157343 163055) Sphyraenidae sp. (166506) | |
Burdigalian | Italy | Sphyraena sp. (70814) | |
Burdigalian | Pakistan (Balochistan) | Sphyraena sp. (77783) | |
Burdigalian | Venezuela (Lara) | Sphyraena sp. (145379) | |
Burdigalian - Tortonian | France | Sphyraena olisiponensis (187577) | |
Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Florida) | Sphyraena sp. (18538) | |
Langhian | Azerbaijan | Parasphyraena sp., Parasphyraena apscheronica (116636) | |
Langhian | Colombia (La Guajira) | Sphyraena sp. (156515) | |
Langhian | USA (Virginia) | Sphyraena barracuda (79793) | |
Langhian | France | Sphyraena sp. (90354) | |
Langhian | Mexico (Baja California) | Sphyraena sp., Sphyraena barracuda (52183) | |
MN 5 | Austria | Sphyraena sp. (51002) | |
Middle Miocene | India (Orissa) | Sphyraena obtusata (46365) | |
Serravallian | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Sphyraena sp. (58983) | |
Serravallian | USA (Virginia) | Sphyraena barracuda (126605 187324) | |
Badenian | Czech Republic (Mikulov) | Sphyraena sphyraena, Sphyraena substriata (161993) Sphyraena substriata (161995) | |
Badenian | Poland | Sphyraena substriata (162017) | |
Early/Lower Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Sphyraena sp. (161374) | |
Tortonian | Venezuela | Sphyraena sp. (200110) | |
Tortonian | Peru (Arequipa) | Sphyraenidae indet. (45485) | |
Tortonian | USA (Virginia) | Sphyraena barracuda (152251) | |
Tortonian | Panama | Sphyraena barracuda (24237) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Portugal | Sphyraena olisiponenesis (56459) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Costa Rica (Limon) | Sphyraena barracuda (162678) | |
Messinian | Peru | Sphyraenidae indet. (13079) | |
Early/Lower Pliocene | USA (Florida) | Sphyraena sp. (151681) | |
Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyraena barracuda (52582) | |
Zanclean | Libya | Sphyraenidae indet. (136597) | |
Zanclean | USA (Florida) | Sphyraena barracuda (46369) | |
Pliocene | Angola | Sphyraena barracuda (154111) | |
Pliocene | Jamaica | Sphyraena sp. (186673) | |
Opoitian - Mangapanian | New Zealand (North Island) | Sphyraena sp. (219628) | |
Pleistocene | Australia (Victoria) | Sphyraena novaehollandiae (204328) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Sphyraena barracuda (20400) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Sphyraena sp. (20604) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Sphyraena sp. (57706 73485) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Sphyraena sp. (188304) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Sphyraena argentea (59063 190889) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Greece (Argolida) | Sphyraena sphyraena (182709) | |
Holocene | Turks and Caicos Islands | Sphyraena sp., Sphyraena barracuda (209855) |