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Dugongidae (dugong)

Mammalia - Sirenia - Dugongidae

Taxonomy
Dugongidae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.

It was assigned to Herbivorae by Gray (1821); to Dugongoidea by Heal (1973); to Trichechiformes by Simpson (1932), Kretzoi (1941), Pilleri et al. (1989) and Sach and Heizmann (2001); to Sirenia by Canto et al. (2010); to Sirenia by Rhoads (1903), Sherman (1952), Reinhart (1959), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Reinhart (1976), Husar (1978), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Barnes et al. (1985), de Muizon and Domning (1985), Takahashi et al. (1986), Domning (1988), PIlleri (1988), Carroll (1988), Toledo and Domning (1991), Domning (1991), Nowak (1991), Furusawa and Kohno (1994), Domning (1994), Aranda-Manteca et al. (1994), Domning and Furusawa (1995), Domning (1996), Domning (1997), Bajpai and Domning (1997), Rice (1998), Bergqvist et al. (1999), Sagne (2001), Rice (2002), Bianucci and Landini (2003), Pledge (2006), Voss (2008), Domning and Aguilera (2008), Domning (2008), Rice (2009), Thewissen and Bajpai (2009), Samonds and Zalmout (2009), Bajpai et al. (2010), Voss (2011), Domning (2011), Bianucci et al. (2011), Domning and Pervesler (2012), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2012), Zalmout and Gingerich (2012), Sorbi et al. (2012), Velez-Juarbe and Domning (2014), Velez-Juarbe and Domning (2015), Balaguer and Alba (2016), Voss et al. (2016), Voss et al. (2017), Voss and Hampe (2017), Domning (2018), Gol'din et al. (2018), Domning (2018) and Samonds et al. (2019); and to Sirenia by Berta (2017), Velez-Juarbe and Wood (2018), Pyenson et al. (2022) and Iliopoulos et al. (2022).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1821Dugongidae Gray p. 309
1824Hippopotamus dubius Cuvier
1825Halicoridae Gray p. 340
1838Manatus renggeri Bronn p. 840
1838Halytherium Kaup p. 319
1838Halytherium dubium Kaup p. 319 figs. Plate II
1838Pugmeodon schinzii Kaup p. 319
1838Halitherium Kaup p. 536
1844Manatus dubius Blainville
1844Manatus schinzii Blainville
1844Manatus guettardi Blainville pp. 122-124
1846Metaxytherium guettardi Laurillard p. 172
1846Halianassa collinii Von Meyer p. 328
1847Halitherium guettardi Gervais p. 221
1847Pygmaeodon schinzii Giebel p. 230
1849Trachytherium Gervais p. 644
1849Trachytherium raulinii Gervais p. 644
1849Trachytherium Gervais p. 645
1852Halitherium dubium Kaup p. 145
1853Halitherium Bronn p. 777
1853Halitherium schinzi Bronn p. 780
1853Trachytherium Bronn p. 789
1853Trachytherium raulini Bronn p. 789
1853Halitherium Pictet p. 373
1853Trachytherium Pictet p. 374
1858Halitherium kaupi Krauss p. 528
1868Halicorida Brandt p. 344
1872Halicoroidea Gill p. 91
1872Halicoridae Gill p. 92
1872Halicoroidea Gill p. 92
1872Halitherium Gill p. 92
1872Trachytherium Gill p. 92
1883Halicoridae Flower p. 184
1884Halitherium chouqueti Gaudry p. 373 figs. Plate XVII
1885Halitherium dubium Woodward p. 425
1885Halitherium schinzi Woodward p. 425
1885Trachytherium Woodward p. 425
1885Trachytherium raulini Woodward p. 425
1886Manatherium delheidi Hartlaub p. 378
1887Halitherium Depéret p. 273
1887Halitherium Lydekker p. 5
1887Halitherium schinzi Lydekker p. 7
1889Halicoridae Cope p. 876
1890Halicoridae Cope p. 698
1890Halitherium Cope p. 698
1891Halicoridae Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1891Halitherium Newton p. 48
1895Halitherium raulinii Deperet p. 410
1895Halicoridae Flores p. 15
1898Manatherium delheidi Trouessart p. 999
1898Halicoridae Trouessart p. 1003
1898Halitherium Trouessart p. 1004
1898Halitherium schinzi Trouessart p. 1004
1903Dugongidae Rhoads p. 246
1904Halitherium schinzi Abel p. 215
1904Manatherium delheidi Trouessart p. 748
1904Halicoridae Trouessart p. 749
1904Halitherium Trouessart p. 749
1904Halitherium schinzi Trouessart p. 749
1904Halitherium chouqueti Trouessart p. 750
1906Halicoridae Andrews p. 197
1911Halicoridae Jaekel p. 245
1912Halicoridae Turner p. 145
1916Halitherium antillense Matthew p. 25
1919Halicoridae Abel p. 833
1925Halitherium uytterhoeveni Abel p. 39
1925Halitherium Zittel p. 265
1925Halitherium schinzi Zittel p. 265
1928Halicoridae Weber p. 495
1930Halitherium Hay p. 656
1932Dugongidae Simpson p. 423
1932Halitherium Simpson p. 424
1932Halitherium alleni Simpson p. 445 figs. Plate II, Fig. 1
1934Protosiren dubia Sickenberg p. 190
1934Halitherium schinzi Sickenberg p. 271
1941Dugongidae Kretzoi p. 154
1941Halitherium Kretzoi p. 154
1952Dugongidae Sherman p. 98
1959Dugongidae Reinhart p. 63
1963Dugongidae Scheffer and Rice p. 4
1966Felsinotherium alleni Kellogg p. 91
1973Dugongidae Heal p. 89
1973Halitherium Heal p. 199
1974Metaxytherium alleni Fondi and Pacini p. 45
1976Dugongidae Reinhart p. 199
1976Halitherium Reinhart p. 236
1978Halitherium Domning
1978Dugongidae Husar p. 1
1980Dugongidae Kurten and Anderson p. 340
1982Halitherium schinzi Fischer and Krumbiegel
1985Dugongidae Barnes et al. p. 33
1985Dugongidae de Muizon and Domning p. 192
1986Dugongidae Takahashi et al. p. 300
1987Halianassa schinzii Domning p. 123
1987Halitherium schinzi lareolensis Pilleri p. 46
1987Halitherium schinzii lareolensis Pilleri p. 46 figs. Plate XXVII
1988Dugongidae Carroll
1988Halitherium Carroll
1988Dugongidae Domning p. 399
1988Dugongidae PIlleri p. 46
1989Halitherium schinzii International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature p. 83
1989Dugongidae Pilleri et al. p. 17
1991Dugongidae Domning p. 398
1991Dugongidae Nowak
1991Dugongidae Toledo and Domning p. 122
1994Dugongidae Aranda-Manteca et al. p. 192
1994Dugongidae Domning p. 189
1994Halitherium Domning p. 189
1994Halitherium schinzii Domning p. 189
1994Dugongidae Furusawa and Kohno p. 27
1995Dugongidae Domning and Furusawa p. 506
1996Dugongidae Domning p. 382
1996Halitherium Domning p. 384
1996Halitherium alleni Domning p. 384
1996Halitherium antillense Domning p. 384
1996Halitherium schinzii Domning p. 384
1997Dugongidae Bajpai and Domning p. 219
1997Dugongidae Domning p. 398
1998Dugongidae Rice
1999Dugongidae Bergqvist et al. p. 31
2001Dugongidae Sach and Heizmann p. 42
2001Dugongidae Sagne p. 473
2001Halitherium Sagne p. 473
2001Halitherium schinzii Sagne p. 473
2001Halitherium taulannense Sagne p. 473 figs. Figure 1
2002Dugongidae Rice p. 232 figs. Table 1
2002Halitherium Sepkoski
2003Dugongidae Bianucci and Landini p. 567
2006Halitherium Clementz et al. p. 360
2006Halitherium taulannense Clementz et al. p. 360
2006Dugongidae Pledge p. 295
2007Halitherium schinzi Voss p. 45
2008Dugongidae Domning
2008Halitherium Domning
2008Halitherium alleni Domning
2008Halitherium antillense Domning
2008Halitherium schinzii Domning
2008Dugongidae Domning and Aguilera p. 480
2008Dugongidae Voss p. 259
2008Halitherium Voss p. 259
2008Halitherium schinzii Voss p. 259
2009Dugongidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2009Dugongidae Samonds and Zalmout p. 1235
2009Dugongidae Thewissen and Bajpai p. 7
2010Dugongidae Bajpai et al. p. 42
2010Dugongidae Canto et al. p. 20
2011Dugongidae Bianucci et al. p. 574
2011Dugongidae Domning p. 1340
2011Dugongidae Voss
2011Halitherium Voss
2012Dugongidae Domning and Pervesler p. 136
2012Dugongidae Sorbi et al. p. 688
2012Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe et al. p. 587
2012Dugongidae Zalmout and Gingerich p. 37
2014Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Domning p. 951
2015Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Domning p. 2
2016Dugongidae Balaguer and Alba
2016Dugongidae Voss et al. p. 6
2017Dugongidae Berta p. 170
2017Dugongidae Voss and Hampe p. 341
2017Dugongidae Voss et al. p. 165
2018Dugongidae Domning p. 246
2018Halitherium Domning p. 857 figs. Fig. 1
2018Dugongidae Gol'din et al.
2018Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Wood
2019Dugongidae Samonds et al. p. 2
2022Dugongidae Iliopoulos et al. p. 397
2022Dugongidae Pyenson et al. p. 4

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
RankNameAuthor
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998
Tethytheria
orderSirenia()
familyDugongidae
familyDugongidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Dugongidae Gray 1821 [dugong]
show all | hide all
G. †Anisosiren Kordos 1979
+
Anisosiren pannonica Kordos 1979
G. †Caribosiren Reinhart 1959
+
Caribosiren turneri Reinhart 1959
Subfm. Dugonginae Gray 1821
+
G. †Bharatisiren Bajpai and Domning 1997
+
Bharatisiren indica Bajpai et al. 2006
Bharatisiren kachchhensis Bajpai et al. 1987
G. †Callistosiren Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2015
+
Callistosiren boriquensis Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2015
G. †Corystosiren Domning 1990
+
Corystosiren varguezi Domning 1990
G. †Crenatosiren Domning 1991
+
Crenatosiren olseni Reinhart 1976
+
Invalid names: Halitherium olsenensis Reinhart 1972 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Culebratherium Velez-Juarbe and Wood 2018
+
Culebratherium alemani Velez-Juarbe and Wood 2018
G. †Dioplotherium Cope 1883
+
Dioplotherium allisoni Kilmer 1965
G. †Domningia Thewissen and Bajpai 2009
+
Domningia sodhae Thewissen and Bajpai 2009
G. Dugong Lacépède 1799 [dugong]
+
Dugong dugon Illiger 1811 [dugong]
+
Invalid names: Dugong indicus Lacépède 1799 [synonym], Halicore australis Owen 1847 [synonym], Halicore cetacea Heuglin 1877 [synonym], Halicore hemprichii Ehrenberg 1832 [synonym], Halicore lottum Ehrenberg 1832 [synonym], Halicore tabernaculi Ruppell 1843 [synonym], Trichechus dugung Erxleben 1777 [synonym]
Invalid names: Amblychilus Fischer von Waldheim 1814 [synonym], Dugongidus Gray 1821 [synonym], Dugungus Tiedemann 1808 [synonym], Halicora Fleming 1822 [synonym], Halicore [synonym], Platystomus Fischer von Waldheim 1803 [synonym]
G. †Italosiren Voss et al. 2017
+
Italosiren bellunensis de Zigno 1875
G. †Kutchisiren Bajpai et al. 2010
+
Kutchisiren cylindrica Bajpai et al. 2010
+
Invalid names: Kotadasiren gracillis Das and Basu 1994 [replaced]
Invalid names: Kotadasiren Das and Basu 1994 [nomen nudum]
G. †Norosiren Samonds et al. 2019
+
Norosiren zazavavindrano Samonds et al. 2019
G. †Rytiodus Lartet 1866
+
Rytiodus capgrandi Lartet 1866
+
Invalid names: Thelriope capgrandi Lartet 1866 [synonym]
Rytiodus heali Domning 2011
Invalid names: Thelriope Pilleri 1987 [objective synonym]
G. †Xenosiren Domning 1989
+
Xenosiren yucateca Domning 1989
Invalid names: Halicorinae Abel 1913 [synonym], Rhytiodinae Abel 1914 [synonym], Rytiodontinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Thelriopiinae Pilleri 1987 [synonym]
G. †Eotheroides Palmer 1899
+
+
Invalid names: Eotherium majus Zdansky 1938 [synonym], Manatus coulombi Filhol 1878 [synonym], Masrisiren abeli Kretzoi 1941 [synonym]
Eotheroides babiae Bajpai et al. 2006
Eotheroides clavigerum Zalmout and Gingerich 2012
Eotheroides lambondrano Samonds and Zalmout 2009
Eotheroides sandersi Zalmout and Gingerich 2012
Eotheroides waghapadarensis Das and Basu 1994
Invalid names: Eotherium Owen 1875 [synonym], Masrisiren Kretzoi 1941 [synonym]
Subfm. †Halitheriinae Gill 1872
+
G. †Eosiren Andrews 1902
+
Eosiren abeli Sickenberg 1934
Eosiren imenti Domning et al. 1994
Eosiren libyca Andrews 1902
Eosiren stromeri Abel 1913
Invalid names: Archaeosiren Abel 1913 [synonym]
G. †Metaxytherium de Christol 1840
+
Metaxytherium albifontanum Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014
Metaxytherium aquitaniae Pilleri 1987
Metaxytherium arctodites Aranda-Manteca et al. 1994
Metaxytherium crataegense Simpson 1932
+
Invalid names: Metaxytherium calvertense Kellogg 1966 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Felsinotherium ossivallense Simpson 1932 [synonym]
Metaxytherium krahuletzi Depéret 1895
+
Invalid names: Halianassa studeri Meyer 1837 [synonym], Metaxytherium argoviense Pilleri 1987 [synonym], Metaxytherium christoli Fitzinger 1899 [synonym]
Metaxytherium lovisati Capellini 1886
Metaxytherium medium Desmarest 1822
+
Invalid names: Halitherium cuvieri de Christol 1832 [synonym], Haplosiren leganyii Kretzoi 1951 [synonym], Hippopotamus intermedius Holl 1829 [synonym], Manatus fossilis Holl 1829 [synonym], Metaxytherium catalaunicum Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym], Metaxytherium cordieri de Christol in de Blainville 1844 [synonym], Metaxytherium petersi Abel 1904 [synonym]
Metaxytherium riveroi Varona 1972
Metaxytherium serresii Gervais 1847
+
Invalid names: Halitherium minor Cope 1883 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Cheirotherium brochii de Blainville 1844 [synonym], Felsinotherium forestii Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium gastaldi de Zigno 1878 [synonym], Felsinotherium gervaisi Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium subalpinum Isel 1910 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cheirotherium Bruno 1839 [synonym], Felsinotherium Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium gunteri Simpson 1932 [nomen nudum], Fucotherium Kaup 1840 [synonym], Halianassa [synonym], Halysiren Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Haplosiren Kretzoi 1951 [synonym], Hesperosiren Simpson 1932 [synonym], Metaxytherium beaumontii de Christol 1844 [nomen dubium], Metaxytherium krahuletzi excelsum Pilleri 1987 [invalid subgroup], Metaxytherium meyeri Abel 1904 [nomen dubium], Pontotherium Kaup 1840 [synonym], Thalattosiren Sickenberg 1928 [synonym]
G. †Prototherium de Zigno 1887
+
Prototherium ausetanum Balaguer and Alba 2016
Prototherium intermedium Bizzotto 1983
+
Invalid names: Prototherium montserratense Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym], Prototherium solei Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym]
Prototherium veronense de Zigno 1875
+
Invalid names: Halitherium angustifrons de Zigno 1875 [synonym], Halitherium curvidens de Zigno 1875 [synonym], Paraliosiren suessi Abel 1906 [synonym], Protosiren dolloi Abel 1904 [synonym]
Invalid names: Mesosiren Abel 1906 [synonym], Paraliosiren Abel 1906 [synonym]
G. †Stegosiren Domning and Beatty 2019
+
Stegosiren macei Domning and Beatty 2019
Invalid names: Archaeosireninae Abel 1914 [synonym], Eotherioidinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Halianassinae Reinhart 1959 [synonym], Halitherida Carus 1868 [objective synonym], Metaxytheriinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Pachyspondylus Brandt 1873 [nomen vanum], Prototheriidae Kretzoi 1941 [invalid subgroup]
Subfm. †Hydrodamalinae Palmer 1895
+
G. †Dusisiren Domning 1978
+
Dusisiren dewana Takahashi et al. 1986
Dusisiren jordani Kellogg 1925
+
Invalid names: Halianassa vanderhoofi Reinhart 1959 [synonym]
Dusisiren reinharti Domning 1978
Dusisiren takasatensis Kobayashi et al. 1995
G. †Hydrodamalis Retzius 1794 [Steller's sea cow]
+
Hydrodamalis cuestae Domning 1978 [Cuesta sea cow]
+
Invalid names: Hydrodamalis spissa Furusawa 1988 [synonym]
Hydrodamalis gigas Zimmermann 1780 [Steller's sea cow]
+
Invalid names: Hydrodamalis stelleri Retzius 1794 [synonym], Manati balaenurus Boddaert 1785 [synonym], Rhytina borealis Brandt 1849 [synonym], Rhytina stellerus Brandt 1849 [synonym], Rytina cetacea Illiger 1815 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dystomus Fischer von Waldheim 1813 [synonym], Haligyna Billberg 1827 [synonym], Manati Steller 1774 [replaced], Nepus Fischer von Waldheim 1814 [synonym], Rhytina Berthold 1827 [synonym], Rhytine Burmeister 1837 [objective synonym], Rytina Illiger 1811 [synonym], Sirene Link 1794 [synonym], Stellerus Desmarest 1822 [synonym]
Invalid names: Rhytinea Brandt 1846 [synonym], Rytinadae Gray 1843 [synonym], Rytineae Brandt 1833 [synonym], Rytinidae Girard 1852 [synonym]
G. †Indosiren von Koenigswald 1952
+
Indosiren javanensis von Koenigswald 1952
Indosiren koeningswaldi Sahni and Mishra 1975
G. †Kaupitherium Voss and Hampe 2017
+
Kaupitherium bronni Krauss 1858
Kaupitherium gruelli Voss and Hampe 2017
G. †Lentiarenium Voss et al. 2016
+
Lentiarenium christolii Fitzinger 1842
+
Invalid names: Halitherium abeli Spillman 1959 [synonym], Metaxytherium pergense Toula 1899 [synonym]
G. †Miodugong Deraniyagala 1969
+
Miodugong brevicranius Deraniyagala 1969
G. †Nanosiren Domning and Aguilera 2008
+
Nanosiren garciae Domning and Aguilera 2008
Nanosiren sanchezi Domning and Aguilera 2008
G. †Paralitherium Kordos 1977
+
G. †Priscosiren Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014
+
Priscosiren atlantica Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014
G. †Prohalicore Flot 1887
+
Prohalicore dubaleni Flot 1887
G. †Sirenavus Kretzoi 1941
+
Sirenavus hungaricus Kretzoi 1941
Invalid names: Halicorida Brandt 1868 [synonym], Halicoridae Gray 1825 [synonym], Halicoroidea Gill 1872 [synonym], Halitherium Kaup 1838 [nomen dubium], Halitherium alleni Simpson 1932 [invalid subgroup], Halitherium antillense Matthew 1916 [nomen dubium], Halitherium taulannense Sagne 2001 [invalid subgroup], Rytiodinae Simpson 1932 [empty], Trachytherium Gervais 1849 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available