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Busyconinae (whelk)

Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Melongenidae

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1917Busyconinae Wade
1992Busyconinae Ward p. 131
1997Busyconinae Petuch p. 129
2005Busyconinae Bouchet et al. p. 254
2008Busyconinae Hendy et al. p. 222

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classGastropoda
subclassCaenogastropoda(Cox 1959)
RankNameAuthor
—Sorbeoconcha(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
—Hypsogastropoda(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
superorderLatrogastropodaRiedel 2000
orderNeogastropodaThiele 1929
superfamilyBuccinoidea(Rafinesque 1815)
familyMelongenidaeGill 1867
subfamilyBusyconinaeWade 1917
subfamilyBusyconinaeWade 1917

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. Busyconinae Wade 1917 [whelk]
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G. Busycon Röding 1798 [whelk]
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Subg. Busycon (Busycoarctum) Hollister 1958
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Subg. Busycon (Busycon) Röding 1798
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†Busycon (Busycon) rapum Heilprin 1887
Subg. Busycon (Sinistrofulgur) Hollister 1958
†Busycon aldrichi Gardner 1947
†Busycon alencasterae Perrilliat 1963
†Busycon alumense Mansfield 1930
†Busycon atraktoides Gardner 1947
Busycon carica Gmelin 1792
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Invalid names: Busycon rucksorum Petuch 1994 [synonym]
Busycon contrarium Conrad 1840
†Busycon dasum Gardner 1947
†Busycon epispiniger Gardner 1947
†Busycon filosum Conrad 1862
†Busycon foerstei Gardner 1947
†Busycon fusiformis Conrad 1840
Busycon perversum Linnaeus 1758
†Busycon radix Gardner 1947
†Busycon sicyoides Gardner 1947
Busycon sinistrum Hollister 1958
†Busycon spiniger Conrad 1865
†Busycon tritonis Conrad 1863
Invalid names: Echinofulgur Olsson and Harbison 1953 [synonym], Fulguropsis Marks 1950 [synonym], Lindafulgur Petuch 2004 [synonym], Pyruella Petuch 1982 [synonym], Sinistrofulgur Hollister 1958 [synonym]
Tr. Busyconini Wade 1917
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Invalid names: Fulgurinae Stoliczka 1867 [invalid subgroup]
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†Busycotypus alveatum Conrad 1863
†Busycotypus asheri Petuch 1988
†Busycotypus canaliferum Conrad 1863
†Busycotypus concinnum Conrad 1875
†Busycotypus conradi Tuomey and Holmes 1856
†Busycotypus coronatum Conrad 1840
†Busycotypus libertiense Mansfield 1930
†Busycotypus propeincile Mansfield 1930
†Busycotypus rugosum Conrad 1843
†Busycotypus scalarispira Conrad 1863
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Invalid names: Busycotypus calvertensis Petuch 1989 [synonym]
Busycotypus spiratus Lamarck 1816
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Invalid names: Bulla pyrum Dillwyn 1817 [synonym]
G. †Spinifulgur Petuch 1994
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†Spinifulgur gemmulatum Petuch 1997
G. †Turrifulgur Petuch 1988
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: aragonitec
Locomotion: actively mobilef
Life habit: epifaunalf
Diet: carnivoref
Vision: limitedc
Created: 2009-09-10 08:20:52
Modified: 2009-09-10 10:20:52
Source: f = family, c = class
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Maastrichtian to the top of the Holocene or 72.10000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (181 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Maastrichtian72.1 - 66.0USA (Texas) Busycon sp. (7564)
Selandian61.6 - 59.2Denmark Busycon sp. (51500)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3USA (Alabama) Busycon sp. (81209)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3USA (Texas) Busycon sp. (205503 205527)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (Texas) Busycon sp. (205422 205430)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (Alabama) Busycon sp. (205489)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (Mississippi) Busycon branneri (164232 178662)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4USA (Florida) Spinifulgur gemmulatum (80184)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03USA (North Carolina) Busycon spiniger (71651 71652)
Chattian - Aquitanian28.1 - 20.44USA (Florida) Busycon tampaense (61070) Busycon tampaense, Busycon stellatum (60985 61051)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97USA (North Carolina) Busycon spiniger (41987)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97India (Meghalaya) Busycon sp. (46493)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97USA (Georgia) Busycon foerstei (42212)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97USA (Florida) Busycon burnsii (42419 42443) Busycon radix (42482) Busycon radix, Busycon atraktoides (42682) Busycon sicyoides (41760 42225 42290 42328 42366 68971) Busycon sicyoides, Busycon epispiniger (42250)
Langhian15.97 - 13.82USA (Maryland) Busycon fusiforme (69023)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62USA (Maryland) Busycon sp. (79104 79110)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62USA (Florida) Busycon aldrichi (42886 42890 42891) Busycon dasum (42819 43009 43014) Busycon montforti, Busycon dasum (42692) Busycon montfortis, Busycon dasum (42870) Busycon radix (68970) Busycon sp., Busycon montforti, Busycon radix, Busycon dasum, Pyruella sp. (136943) Busycon sp., Busycon montforti, Busycotypus sp. 1, Busycotypus sp. 2, Busycon radix, Busycon dasum, Busycon aldrichi, Pyruella sp. (111204)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246USA (Virginia) Busycotypus coronatum, Busycotypus rugosum (71632) Busycotypus sp. (71637)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246USA (Maryland) Busycon fusiforme, Fulgur fusiforme, Busycotypus coronatum, Busycotypus rugosum (70853)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333USA (Virginia) Busycon coronatum (79752)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333USA (Maryland) Busycon fusiforme (59303 59304) Busycon fusiforme, Busycotypus coronatum, Busycotypus rugosum (51722 51727) Busycon fusiforme, Busycotypus sp. (69032) Busycotypus coronatum, Busycotypus rugosum, Busycotypus asheri, Busycotypus alveatum, Turrifulgur turriculus, Turrifulgur fusiforme (92325)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333USA (Virginia) Busycotypus coronatum (71536 71618)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6USA (South Carolina) Busycon maximum (60939)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6USA (South Carolina) Busycon maximum, Busycon incile, Busycon contrarium, Busycon pyrum (60940)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588USA (Virginia) Busycon maximum, Busycotypus incile, Sinistrofulgur contrarium (96535)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588USA (North Carolina) Busycon sp. (79248 151326)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Busycon planulatum, Busycon contrarium, Busycon rapum, Busycon pyrum (41749)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588USA (Virginia) Busycon incile (78261) Busycon maximus (78266) Busycon maximus, Busycotypus incile (78268 78269 78272 78273) Busycon sp. (78264 78265) Busycon sp., Busycotypus incile (78262)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588USA (Florida) Busycoarctum superbus, Fulguropsis radula, Lindafulgur miamiensis (79958) Busycon echinatum (79761 79765) Busycon maximum, Busycon perversum (59484) Busycon pachyus, Busycon maximum, Busycon chowanense, Busycotypus libertiensis, Busycotypus incile, Busycotypus aepynotum, Echinofulgur cannoni, Busycoarctum tudiculatum, Busycoarctum sp., Fulguropsis carolinensis, Fulguropsis elongatus, Sinistrofulgur grabaui, Sinistrofulgur hollisteri, Sinistrofulgur obrapum, Sinistrofulgur contrarium, Lindafulgur lindajoyceae, Pyruella waltfrancei, Pyruella harasewychi, Pyruella laevis, Pyruella rugosicostata, Busycon filosum (79960) Busycon perversum (59486) Busycon titan, Busycotypus bicoronatum, Echinofulgur dalli, Busycoarctum tropicalis, Fulguropsis excavatum, Sinistrofulgur contrarium, Pyruella demistriatum, Pyruella rugosicostata, Pyruella basingerensis (79959) Echinofulgur helenae, Pyruella federicoae, Pyruella turbinalis (79875) Echinofulgur jonesae, Pyruella schmidti, Pyruella laevis (79876) Pyruella carraheri (79874)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588USA (North Carolina) Busycon adversarius (58895) Busycon amoenum, Busycon bladenense, Busycon perversum (59309) Busycon chowanense (96537) Busycon perversum (59310) Busycon sp. (69018)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene3.6 - 0.781USA (Florida) Echinofulgur echinatum, Busycoarctum rapum, Fulguropsis floridanus, Sinistrofulgur caloosahatcheensis, Sinistrofulgur palmbeachensis, Pyruella planulatum, Pyruella soror (79804)
Gelasian2.588 - 1.806USA (North Carolina) Busycon aruanum, Busycotypus canaliculatus (71138)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781USA (North Carolina) Busycon adversarius (58897) Busycon amoenum, Busycon bladenense, Busycon willcoxiana, Busycon concinnum (59316) Busycon carica, Busycon contrarium (80034) Busycon sp. (60986 60987 60988 60989 80033) Busycon sp., Busycon contrarium (80035) Busycon spiratus, Busycon concinnum (58898)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781USA (South Carolina) Busycon sp. (60944) Pyrula carica (92407)
Early/Lower Pleistocene (interglacial)2.588 - 0.781USA (North Carolina) Busycon sp. (211182)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781USA (Florida) Busycon contrarium (41539 79787) Busycon contrarium, Busycon pyrum (79786 79788 79789) Busycon contrarium, Busycon rapum (41718) Busycon contrarium, Busycon spiratum (61309) Busycon duerri, Sinistrofulgur pamlico (79749) Busycon planulatum (79336) Busycon planulatum, Busycon echinatum, Busycon contrarium, Busycon rapum, Busycon pyrum (79331) Busycon pyrum (75001) Busycon sp. (69029 80025) Busycon sp., Busycon contrarium, Busycon rapum, Busycon pyrum (41501) Busycotypus scotti, Sinistrofulgur yeehaw, Pyruella bladenense, Busycon rucksorum (79748) Echinofulgur griffini, Fulguropsis griffini, Pyruella eismonti, Pyruella ovoidea (79782) Echinofulgur palmbeachensis, Fulguropsis elongatus, Sinistrofulgur labellensis (79805) Sinistrofulgur obrapum (35025)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117USA (Delaware) Busycon canaliculatum (66703) Busycon perversum (66701)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117USA (North Carolina) Busycon amoenum, Busycon bladenense, Busycon willcoxi, Busycon concinnum (59313)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117USA (New Jersey) Busycon canaliculatum (66603) Busycon canaliculatum, Busycon perversum (66621) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum (66601 66612 66614 66616 66617 66622) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum, Busycon perversum (66618)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117USA (South Carolina) Busycon canaliculatum, Busycon perversum (150656)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117USA (Virginia) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum (7109) Busycon caricum, Busycon canaliculatum (7108)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774USA (Florida) Busycon contrarium, Busycon pyrum (41705)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129USA (North Carolina) Busycon sp. (91459 91462)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129USA (Florida) Busycon contrarium, Busycon spiratum (61310) Busycon sp., Busycon contrarium (80046) Fulguropsis capelettii, Sinistrofulgur holeylandica, Fulguropsis feldmanni, Pyruella tomeui (79747) Sinistrofulgur contrarium (35031) Sinistrofulgur roseae (79740)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (South Carolina) Busycon canaliculatum (66755 66756) Busycon carica (66759) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum, Busycon perversum, Busycon spiratum (66760) Busycon carica, Busycon perversum (66758)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Busycon carica, Busycon perversum (34269) Busycon contrarium (61311 69034 69084 69085 79731 80027) Busycon contrarium, Busycon pyrum (41740) Busycon sp. (41715) Busycon sp., Busycon contrarium (69087) Busycotypus canaliculatus, Busycotypus spiratus, Sinistrofulgur sinistrum, Sinistrofulgur perversum (96538) Fulguropsis spiratum, Sinistrofulgur perversum (79738) Sinistrofulgur sinistrum (79739)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (New York) Busycon canaliculatum (61270)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Virginia) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum (57705 57706) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum, Busycon contrarium (57702) Busycon carica, Busycotypus canaliculatus (69048)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Maryland) Busycon carica (66706 66721) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum (66720)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Georgia) Busycon carica (20604 20606)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (North Carolina) Busycon canaliculatum (66754) Busycon carica (69047) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum (66744 66749 66750 66751) Busycon carica, Busycon canaliculatum, Busycon perversum (66742) Busycon spiratum (69045)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0USA (Massachusetts) Pyrula carica (176525)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0USA (Louisiana) Busycon perversum, Busycon spiratum (41935 92776)