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Placentalia (placental)

Mammalia

Taxonomy

Placentalia was named by Owen (1837). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Eutheria by Gadow (1898); it was reranked as the order Placentalia by Olson (1966).

It was assigned to Theria by Rowe (1988); to Mammalia by Owen (1837), Bonaparte (1850), Olson (1966) and Seiffert and Simons (2000); to Theria by McKenna and Bell (1997) and Shoshani and Tassy (2005); to Eutheria by Luo et al. (2011); and to Eutheria by Horovitz (2003), Averianov and Archibald (2005), Wible et al. (2007), Asher and Helgen (2010) and Velazco et al. (2022).

Subtaxa

Afrotheria (syn. Afroplacentalia), Americatheria, Atlantogenata (syn. Xenafrotheria, Notoplacentalia), Boreoeutheria (syn. Boreotheria, Boreoplacentalia), Educabilia, Epitheria, Exafroplacentalia, Ineducabilia, Mutilata, Pahelia, Petrolemuridae, Tingamarra, Ungulatomorpha

Sister taxa

Synonyms

Xenafrotheria is an unranked clade. It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Atlantogenata by Asher and Helgen (2010).
Notoplacentalia is an unranked clade. It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Atlantogenata by Asher and Helgen (2010).
Monodelphia was named by Gill (1872). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Eutheria by Gadow (1898); it was reranked as the superorder Monodelphia by Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Placentalia by Kirsch and Mayer (1998).

It was assigned to Eutheria by Cope (1889) and Hay (1902); and to Mammalia by Gill (1872), Hay (1930) and Thorpe (1937).
Atlantogenata was named by Waddell et al. (1999). It is extant.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Placentalia by Phillips et al. (2001).

It was assigned to Placentalia by Waddell et al. (1999) and Asher and Helgen (2010).
Ungulatomorpha was named by Archibald (1996). It is extant.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Placentalia by Averianov and Archibald (2005).

It was assigned to Perutheriidae by Nessov et al. (1998); to Eutheria by Averianov (1997) and Archibald (1998); and to Epitheria by Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1837	Placentalia Owen p. 903
1850	Placentalia Bonaparte p. 1
1872	Monodelphia Gill p. 45
1889	Monodelphia Cope p. 874
1902	Monodelphia Hay p. 571
1930	Monodelphia Hay p. 396
1937	Monodelphia Thorpe p. 31
1966	Placentalia Olson p. 302
1988	Placentalia Rowe p. 245 figs. Figure 3
1996	Ungulatomorpha Archibald
1997	Ungulatomorpha Averianov p. 249
1997	Placentalia McKenna and Bell p. 80
1998	Ungulatomorpha Archibald
1998	Ungulatomorpha Nessov et al. p. 45
1999	Atlantogenata Waddell et al. p. cover
2000	Placentalia Seiffert and Simons p. 2646
2003	Placentalia Horovitz
2004	Ungulatomorpha Kielan-Jaworowska et al. pp. 494, 509
2005	Placentalia Averianov and Archibald p. 595
2005	Placentalia Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2
2007	Placentalia Wible et al.
2010	Atlantogenata Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1
2010	Placentalia Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1
2011	Placentalia Luo et al. p. 444
2022	Placentalia Velazco et al. figs. Fig. 1

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Synapsida
suborder	Eupelycosauria
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Placentalia

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Placentalia Owen 1837 [placental]

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Unr. Afrotheria Stanhope et al. 1998

Unr. Afroinsectiphilia Waddell et al. 2001

Unr. Afroinsectivora Waddell et al. 2001

Or. Macroscelidea Butler 1956 [elephant shrew]

Fm. †Adapisoricidae Schlosser 1887

G. †Adunator Russell 1964

Invalid names: Mckennatherium Van Valen 1965 [synonym]

Fm. †Afrohypselodontidae Senut and Pickford 2021

Fm. †Amphilemuridae Hill 1953

Invalid names: Dormaaliidae Quinet 1964 [synonym]

Fm. †Apheliscidae Matthew 1918

G. †Litocherus Gingerich 1983

Fm. †Louisinidae Hooker and Russell 2012

Fm. Macroscelididae Bonaparte 1838 [elephant shrew]

Fm. †Myohyracidae Andrews 1914

Fm. †Rhynchocyonidae Gill 1872

Invalid names: Dipogales Murray 1866 [synonym]

Superfm. Tenrecoidea McDowell 1958

Fm. Chrysochloridae Gray 1825 [golden mole]

Invalid names: Amblysominae Simonetta 1957 [synonym], Eremitalpinae Simonetta 1957 [synonym]

G. †Plesiorycteropus Filhol 1895

Invalid names: Majoria Thomas 1915 [synonym]

Fm. Potamogalidae Allman 1866

G. †Qatranilestes Seiffert 2010

Fm. Tenrecidae Gray 1821 [tenrec]

Invalid names: Afrosoricida Stanhope et al. 1998 [invalid subgroup], Tenrecomorpha Butler 1972 [synonym]

Invalid names: Haemochorialia [synonym]

Or. Tubulidentata Huxley 1872 [aardvark]

Fm. Orycteropodidae Gray 1821

Subfm. Orycteropodinae Gray 1821

Invalid names: Orycteropodina Bonaparte 1850 [empty]

Invalid names: Fossoromorpha [synonym]

Unr. †Paenungulatomorpha Gheerbrant et al. 2016

G. †Abdounodus Gheerbrant et al. 2001

†Abdounodus hamdii Gheerbrant et al. 2001

G. †Hadrogeneios Gheerbrant 2023

†Hadrogeneios phosphaticus Gheerbrant 2023

G. †Ocepeia Gheerbrant et al. 2001

†Ocepeia daouiensis Gheerbrant et al. 2001

†Ocepeia grandis Gheerbrant et al. 2014

Unr. Paenungulata Simpson 1945

Or. Hyracoidea Huxley 1869 [hyrax]

G. †Dimaitherium Barrow et al. 2010

G. †Namahyrax Pickford et al. 2008

Fm. †Pliohyracidae Matsumoto 1926

Fm. Procaviidae Thomas 1892 [hyrax]

Invalid names: Hyracidae Gray 1821 [synonym]

G. †Rukwalorax Stevens et al. 2009

Fm. †Titanohyracidae Matsumoto 1926

Invalid names: Procaviamorpha Whitworth 1954 [empty], Pseudhippomorpha Whitworth 1954 [empty]

Unr. †Sudamericungulata Avilla and Mothé 2021

Or. †Astrapotheria Lydekker 1894

Invalid names: Astrapotheroidea Ameghino 1894 [synonym]

Or. †Notoungulata Roth 1903 [notoungulate]

Subor. †Pyrotheria Ameghino 1895

Or. †Xenungulata Paula Couto 1952

Unr. Tethytheria McKenna 1975

Or. †Embrithopoda

Or. Proboscidea Illiger 1811 [proboscidean]

Or. Sirenia Illiger 1811 [sirenian]

Invalid names: Anthropocephala Billberg 1827 [objective synonym], Diopia Rafinesque 1815 [objective synonym], Halobioidea Ameghino 1889 [objective synonym], Herbivorae Gray 1821 [synonym], Manatides Billberg 1827 [objective synonym], Manatina Bonaparte 1837 [objective synonym], Sireniformia Burmeister 1837 [objective synonym], Trichechiformes Hay 1923 [objective synonym]

Invalid names: Behemota McKenna and Bell 1997 [empty]

Invalid names: Uranotheria [synonym]

Invalid names: Afroplacentalia [synonym], Ocepeiidae Gheerbrant et al. 2014 [empty], Pseudoungulata Waddell et al. 1999 [empty]

Unr. †Americatheria Shockey 2017

Unr. Xenarthra Cope 1889 [edentate]

G. †Adiastaltus Ameghino 1893

†Adiastaltus habilis Ameghino 1893

†Adiastaltus procerus Ameghino 1894

G. †Anathitus Ameghino 1894

†Anathitus revelator Ameghino 1894

G. †Argyromanis Ameghino 1904

†Argyromanis patagonica Ameghino 1904

Unr. Cingulata Illiger 1811

Fm. Chlamyphoridae Pocock 1924

Subfm. Chlamyphorinae Bonaparte 1850

G. †Proeutatus Ameghino 1891

G. †Prozaedyus Ameghino 1891

G. †Stenotatus Ameghino 1891

Unr. Dasypodoidea Gray 1821

Fm. Dasypodidae Gray 1821 [armadillo]

G. †Eocoleophorus Oliveira et al. 1997

†Eocoleophorus glyptodontoides Oliveira et al. 1997

G. †Noatherium Fernicola et al. 2021

†Noatherium emilioi Fernicola et al. 2021

Fm. †Pachyarmatheriidae Fernicola et al. 2018

G. †Neoglyptatelus Carlini et al. 1997

G. †Pachyarmatherium Downing and White 1995

Unr. †Peltephilidae Ameghino 1894

G. †Anantiosodon Ameghino 1891

G. †Epipeltephilus Ameghino 1904

G. †Parapeltecoelus Bordas 1938

G. †Peltecoelus Ameghino 1902

G. †Peltephilus Ameghino 1887

G. †Ronwolffia Shockey 2017

G. †Proeocoleophorus Sedor et al. 2017

†Proeocoleophorus carlinii Sedor et al. 2017

G. †Saltatherium Fernicola et al. 2021

†Saltatherium rosaurae Fernicola et al. 2021

G. †Yuruatherium Ciancio et al. 2012

†Yuruatherium tropicalis Ciancio et al. 2012

Invalid names: Euphracta [empty], Glyptodonta [empty]

Fm. †Ernanodontidae Ding 1979

G. †Asiabradypus Nessov 1987

†Asiabradypus incompositus Nessov 1987

G. †Orthoarthrus Ameghino 1904

†Orthoarthrus mixtus Ameghino 1904

Unr. Phyllophaga Owen 1842

Superfm. †Megalonychoidea

G. †Proplatyarthrus Ameghino 1905

Invalid names: Nothrotheriidae Ameghino 1920 [empty]

G. †Pseudoglyptodon Engelmann 1987

†Pseudoglyptodon chilensis McKenna et al. 2006

†Pseudoglyptodon sallaensis Engelmann 1987

Invalid names: Gravigrada [synonym]

Infraor. Pilosa Flower 1883

Unr. Folivora Delsuc et al. 2001

Cl. †Eufolivora Delsuc 2001

Invalid names: Eutardigrada Gaudin 1995 [synonym]

Superfm. †Mylodontoidea Gill 1872

Invalid names: Tardigrada Latham and Davies 1795 [replaced]

Superfm. †Vermilingua

Fm. Cyclopedidae Pocock 1924

Fm. Myrmecophagidae

Invalid names: Adiastaltidae Ameghino 1894 [synonym], Anathitidae Ameghino 1894 [synonym]

Invalid names: Phororhacosidae Ameghino 1889 [empty]

Invalid names: Anicanodonta Ameghino 1889 [synonym]

Invalid names: Edentata Cuvier 1798 [synonym], Myrmecophagi Jaekel 1911 [empty], Placophori Jaekel 1911 [empty]

Unr. Boreoeutheria

Unr. Euarchontoglires Murphy and Eizirik 2001

Or. †Anagalida Szalay and McKenna 1971

Fm. †Anagalidae Simpson 1931

G. †Anagale Simpson 1931

G. †Anagalopsis Bohlin 1951

G. †Anaptogale Xu 1976

G. †Chianshania Xu 1976

G. †Diacronus Xu 1976

G. †Eosigale Hu 1993

G. †Hsiuannania Xu 1976

G. †Huaiyangale Xu 1976

G. †Interogale Huang and Zheng 1983

G. †Linnania Chow et al. 1973

G. †Pseudictops Matthew et al. 1929

G. †Qipania Hu 1993

G. †Stenanagale Wang 1975

G. †Wanogale Xu 1976

G. †Zofiagale López-Torres and Fostowicz-Frelik 2018

Fm. †Astigalidae Zhang and Tong 1981

G. †Astigale Zhang and Tong 1981

G. †Yupingale Tong and Wang 2006

G. †Zhujegale Zhang and Tong 1981

Fm. †Pseudictopidae Sulimski 1969

G. †Allictops Qiu 1977

G. †Anictops Qiu 1977

G. †Cartictops Ding and Tong 1979

G. †Haltictops Ding and Tong 1979

G. †Paranictops Qiu 1977

G. †Suyinia Tong and Wang 2006

G. †Wania Wang 1995

†Wania chowi Wang 1995

Invalid names: Eurymyloidea Li 1977 [empty]

Superfm. †Apatemyoidea

Fm. †Apatemyidae Matthew 1909

Subfm. †Apatemyinae Matthew 1909

Invalid names: Heterohyins Gervais 1859 [synonym]

G. †Apatemys Marsh 1872

Invalid names: Stehlinius Matthew 1921 [synonym]

G. †Carcinella Von Koenigswald et al. 2009

G. †Eochiromys Teilhard de Chardin 1927

G. †Frugivastodon Bajpai et al. 2005

G. †Heterohyus Gervais 1848

Invalid names: Amphichiromys Stehlin 1916 [synonym], Heterochiromys Stehlin 1916 [synonym], Necrosorex Filhol 1890 [synonym]

G. †Jepsenella Simpson 1940

G. †Labidolemur Matthew and Granger 1921

G. †Russellmys Estravís 1990

G. †Sinclairella Jepsen 1934

G. †Stehlinella Matthew 1929

G. †Teilhardella Jepsen 1930

G. †Unuchinia Simpson 1937

Invalid names: Apator Simpson 1936 [replaced]

Invalid names: Russellmyinae Estravís 1990 [empty], Unuchiniinae Van Valen and McKenna 1967 [empty]

Unr. Euarchonta

Or. Primates Linnaeus 1758 [primate]

G. †Berruvius Russell 1964

G. †Ceciliolemur Weigelt 1933

G. †Chasselasia Schwartz and Tattersall 1982

Subor. Cheiromyoidea Wortman 1903

Unr. Euprimateformes Bloch et al. 2007

Infraor. Haplorhini Pocock 1918 [monkey]

G. †Megatarsius Weigelt 1933

Fm. †Micromomyidae Szalay 1974

Fm. †Microsyopidae Osborn and Wortman 1892

G. †Microtarsioides Weigelt 1933

G. †Nosmips Seiffert et al. 2010

Fm. †Paromomyidae Simpson 1940

Invalid names: Paromomyinae [objective synonym]

Subor. †Plesiadapiformes Simons and Tattersall 1972

Subor. Prosimiae Milne Edwards

G. †Rooneyia Wilson 1966

Subor. Strepsirrhini Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812

Invalid names: Ceciliolemuridae Weigelt 1933 [invalid subgroup], Ceciliolemuroidea Weigelt 1933 [invalid subgroup], Lemures Hubrecht [empty], Pithecus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [nomen nudum], Plesitarsiiformes Gingerich 1974 [empty], Pliopithecus posthumus Schlosser 1924 [nomen dubium], Prosimii Illiger 1811 [empty], Simia Linnaeus 1758 [nomen nudum], Simia (Cercopithecus) sinicus pileatus Kerr 1792 [nomen dubium], Simia apedia Linnaeus 1758 [nomen dubium], Simiolemuriformes [empty], Tarsii [empty], Tupaioidea Dobson 1882 [empty]

Unr. Primatomorpha Beard 1991

Or. Dermoptera Illinger 1811 [colugo]

Invalid names: Galeopithecia Jaekel 1911 [synonym], Ptenopleura Van der Hoeven 1858 [synonym], Pterophorae Gray 1821 [synonym]

Unr. Sundatheria

Fm. †Plagiomenidae Matthew 1918

Or. Scandentia Wagner 1855 [treeshrew]

Invalid names: Paraprimates [synonym]

Unr. †Gliriformes Wyss and Meng 1996

Fm. †Arctostylopidae Schlosser 1923

G. †Anatolostylops Zhai 1978

Subfm. †Arctostylopinae Tong and Wang 2006

G. †Arctostylops Matthew 1915

Subfm. †Asiostylopinae Zheng 1979

Subfm. †Bothriostylopinae Tong and Wang 2006

G. †Enantiostylops Averianov 2020

Subfm. †Kazachostylopinae Nessov 1987

G. †Palaeostylops Matthew and Granger 1925

Invalid names: Gashatostylops Cifelli et al. 1989 [synonym]

G. †Sinostylops Tang and Yan 1976

G. †Stenostylops Huang et al. 2001

G. †Wanostylops Huang and Zheng 1997

Unr. Glires Linnaeus 1758

Fm. Aspalacidae Gray 1825

Unr. Duplicidentata Illiger 1811

Fm. †Eurymylidae Matthew et al. 1929

Fm. Ierboidae Gray 1825

Or. †Mixodontia Sych 1971

Unr. Simplicidentata Flower 1883

G. †Sinomylus McKenna and Meng 2001

Invalid names: Lagostomyidae [empty], Ochtodontidae Waterhouse 1840 [empty], Rodentiaformes Wyss and Meng 1996 [empty]

Superfm. †Mixodectoidea Simpson 1945

Fm. †Mixodectidae Cope 1883

G. †Dracontolestes Gazin 1941

G. †Eudaemonema Simpson 1935

G. †Mixodectes Cope 1883

Invalid names: Indrodon Cope 1884 [synonym], Olbodotes Osborn 1902 [synonym]

G. †Prosinopa Trouessart 1897

Invalid names: Oldobotidae Schlosser 1907 [synonym]

Invalid names: Archonta Gregory 1910 [empty], Archontoglires [synonym], Supraprimates Waddell et al. 2001 [synonym]

Unr. Laurasiatheria Waddell et al. 1999

Unr. Eulipotyphla

Unr. Erinaceomorpha Gregory 1910

Fm. †Chambelestidae Gheerbrant and Hartenberger 1999

G. †Diacodon Cope 1875

Superfm. Erinaceoidea Gill 1872

G. †Ghambilentes Unknown 2000

G. †Quadratodon De Bast and Smith 2017

G. †Seia Russell and Gingerich 1981

Fm. †Sespedectidae Novacek 1985

G. †Talpavoides Bown and Schankler 1982

G. †Talpavus Marsh 1872

Fm. †Vastanidae Bajpai et al. 2005

Invalid names: Creotarsinae Hay 1930 [invalid subgroup]

G. †Ghamidtherium Sánchez-Villagra et al. 2007

†Ghamidtherium dimaiensis Sánchez-Villagra et al. 2007

Subor. Soricomorpha Gregory 1910

Fm. †Changlelestidae Tong and Wang 1993

Fm. †Geolabididae McKenna 1960

Invalid names: Centetodontinae Trouessart 1879 [synonym], Metacodontidae Butler 1948 [synonym]

G. †Nycticonodon Quinet 1964

Fm. †Plesiosoricidae Winge 1917

Invalid names: Butselidae Quinet and Misonne 1965 [synonym]

Fm. Soricidae Fischer 1814 [shrew]

Superfm. Soricoidea Gill 1872

Infraor. †Soricota Kalandadze and Rautian 1992

Invalid names: Lipotyphla Haeckel 1866 [synonym]

Unr. Scrotifera Waddell et al. 1999

Or. †Acreodi Matthew 1909

G. †Andrewsarchus Osborn 1924

Unr. †Mesonychia [mesonychian]

G. †Mondegodon Tabuce et al. 2011

Fm. †Triisodontidae Scott 1892

Invalid names: Oxyclaenidae Scott 1892 [invalid subgroup]

Unr. †Bulbulodentata Archibald 1998

Fm. †Periptychidae Cope 1882 [condylarth]

Or. Chiroptera Blumenbach 1779 [bat]

Fm. †Aegyptonycteridae Simmons et al. 2016

G. †Archaeopteropus Meschinelli 1903

G. †Australonycteris Hand et al. 1994

Subor. Frugivora Gill 1872

Fm. †Icaronycteridae Jepsen 1966

Unr. Microchiropteramorpha Simmons and Geisler 1998

G. †Mixopteryx Weithofer 1887

Fm. †Nycterididae Vanderhoevan 1855

Fm. †Onychonycteridae Simmons et al. 2008

Fm. †Philisidae Sigé 1985

G. †Samonycteris Revilliod 1917

Fm. †Tanzanycterididae Gunnell et al. 2003

G. †Vesperugo Cope 1873

Subor. Yangochiroptera Koopman 1984

Subor. Yinpterochiroptera Koopman 1984

Invalid names: Animalivora Gill 1872 [empty], Eochiroptera Van Valen 1979 [empty], Fructivorae Gray 1821 [empty], Insectivorae Gray 1821 [empty], Megachiroptera Dobson 1875 [empty]

Unr. Euungulata Waddell et al. 2001

Unr. Artiodactylamorpha Spaulding et al. 2009

Unr. †Panperissodactyla Welker et al. 2015

Invalid names: Eparctocyona McKenna 1975 [synonym], Ungulata Linnaeus 1766 [synonym]

Unr. Ferae Linnaeus 1758

Unr. Carnivoramorpha Wyss and Flynn 1993

Or. †Creodonta Cope 1875 [creodont]

Unr. †Pholidotamorpha Gaudin et al. 2009

Invalid names: Ostentoria [synonym]

Unr. Fereuungulata Waddell et al. 1999

Invalid names: Zooamata Waddell et al. 1999 [empty]

Invalid names: Variamana [synonym]

Invalid names: Laurasiaplacentalia [synonym]

Invalid names: Boreoplacentalia [synonym], Boreotheria [synonym]

Unr. Educabilia Bonaparte 1850

Invalid names: Pinnata Bonaparte 1850 [empty]

Unr. Epitheria McKenna 1975

Or. †Condylarthra Cope 1881

Fm. †Chriacidae Osborn and Earle 1895

G. †Prothryptacodon Simpson 1935

†Prothryptacodon albertensis Fox 1968

†Prothryptacodon ambiguus Van Valen 1967

†Prothryptacodon furens Simpson 1935

†Prothryptacodon hilli Rigby, Jr. 1980

Invalid names: Pantinomia Van Valen 1967 [synonym]

G. †Desmatoclaenus Gazin 1941

†Desmatoclaenus dianae Van Valen 1978

†Desmatoclaenus hermaeus Gazin 1941

Invalid names: Desmatoclaenus paracreodus Gazin 1941 [synonym]

†Desmatoclaenus mearae Van Valen 1978

†Desmatoclaenus protogonioides Cope 1882

Fm. †Hyopsodontidae Trouessart 1879 [condylarth]

G. †Asiohyopsodus Tong and Wang 2006

†Asiohyopsodus confuciusi Tong and Wang 2006

G. †Bubogonia Johnston and Fox 1984

†Bubogonia bombadili Van Valen 1978

†Bubogonia saskia Johnston and Fox 1984

G. †Chacomylus Williamson and Weil 2011

†Chacomylus sladei Williamson and Weil 2011

G. †Choeroclaenus Simpson 1937

†Choeroclaenus turgidunculus Cope 1888

Subfm. †Hyopsodontinae Trouessart 1879

G. †Decoredon Xu 1977

G. †Obtususdon Xu 1977

G. †Hyopsodus Leidy 1870

†Hyopsodus distans Marsh 1875

†Hyopsodus fangxianensis Huang 1995

†Hyopsodus fastigatus Russell and Wickenden 1933

†Hyopsodus huashigouensis Tong 1989

†Hyopsodus itinerans Godinot 1978

†Hyopsodus latidens Denison 1937

†Hyopsodus lepidus Matthew 1909

†Hyopsodus loomisi McKenna 1960

†Hyopsodus lysitensis Gingerich 1974

†Hyopsodus markmani Abel and Cook 1925

†Hyopsodus marshi Osborn 1902

†Hyopsodus mentalis Cope 1875

Invalid names: Hyopsodus lemoinianus Cope 1882 [synonym]

†Hyopsodus minor Loomis 1905

†Hyopsodus minusculus Leidy 1873

†Hyopsodus miticulus Cope 1874

†Hyopsodus paulus Leidy 1870

Invalid names: Hyopsodus despiciens Matthew 1909 [synonym], Stenacodon rarus Marsh 1872 [synonym]

†Hyopsodus pauxillus Gingerich 1994

†Hyopsodus powellianus Cope 1884

Invalid names: Hyopsodus browni Loomis 1905 [synonym], Hyopsodus jacksoni Loomis 1905 [synonym], Hyopsodus lawsoni Loomis 1905 [synonym]

†Hyopsodus pygmaeus Cope 1872

†Hyopsodus sholemi Krishtalka 1979

†Hyopsodus simplex Loomis 1905

†Hyopsodus tonksi Eaton 1982

†Hyopsodus uintensis Osborn 1902

†Hyopsodus vicarius Cope 1873

†Hyopsodus walcottianus Matthew 1915

†Hyopsodus wardi Hooker 1979

†Hyopsodus wortmani Osborn 1902

Invalid names: Lemuravus Marsh 1875 [synonym], Stenacodon Marsh 1872 [synonym]

G. †Lessnessina Hooker 1979

†Lessnessina khushuensis Hooker and Dashzeveg 2003

†Lessnessina packmani Hooker 1979

†Lessnessina praecipuus Russell 1987

G. †Litaletes Simpson 1935

†Litaletes disjunctus Simpson 1935

†Litaletes gazinensis Robison 1986

†Litaletes gazini Robison 1986

†Litaletes ondolinde Van Valen 1978

G. †Midiagnus Russell 1987

†Midiagnus gracilis Kondrashov 2004

G. †Mioclaenus Cope 1881

†Mioclaenus baldwini Cope 1882

†Mioclaenus turgidus Cope 1881

Invalid names: Mioclaenus lydekkerianus Cope 1888 [synonym], Mioclaenus zittelianus Cope 1888 [synonym]

G. †Molinodus Muizon and Marshall 1987

†Molinodus suarezi Muizon and Marshall 1987

G. †Promioclaenus Trouessart 1904

†Promioclaenus acolytus Cope 1882

Invalid names: Ellipsodon aquilonius Simpson 1935 [synonym], Mioclaenus minimus Cope 1882 [synonym]

†Promioclaenus lemuroides Matthew 1897

Invalid names: Ellipsodon shepherdi Gazin 1939 [synonym], Jepsenia mantiensis Gazin 1939 [synonym]

†Promioclaenus pipiringosi Gazin 1956

†Promioclaenus thnetus Scott et al. 2013

†Promioclaenus walshi Lofgren et al. 2014

Invalid names: Jepsenia Gazin 1939 [synonym]

G. †Protoselene Matthew 1897

†Protoselene ashtoni Lofgren et al. 2014

†Protoselene griphus Gazin 1939

†Protoselene novissimus Gazin 1956

†Protoselene opisthacus Cope 1882

Invalid names: Dracoclaenus Gazin 1939 [synonym]

Subfm. †Tricuspiodontinae Simpson 1929

G. †Paratricuspiodon Russell 1964

G. †Tricuspiodon Lemoine 1885

G. †Valenia de Muizon and Cifelli 2000

†Valenia wilsoni Van Valen 1978

G. †Yuodon Chow et al. 1973

†Yuodon protoselenoides Chow et al. 1973

Invalid names: Mioclaenidae Osborn and Earle 1895 [synonym], Pleuraspidotheriinae Zittel 1892 [empty]

Fm. †Paroxyclaenidae Weitzel

G. †Kopidodon Weitzel 1933

Subfm. †Merialinae Russell and Godinot 1988

G. †Euhookeria Russell and Godinot 1988

G. †Merialus Russell and Godinot 1988

Subfm. †Paroxyclaeninae Weitzel 1933

G. †Paravulpavoides Harrison 2009

G. †Paroxyclaenus Teilhard de Chardin 1922

†Paroxyclaenus lemuroides Teilhard de Chardin 1922

G. †Pugiodens Matthes 1952

†Pugiodens mirus Matthes 1952

Invalid names: Russellites Van Valen 1965 [synonym]

G. †Spaniella Crusafont-Pairo and Russell 1968

G. †Vulpavoides Matthes 1952

†Vulpavoides cooperi Hooker 1986

†Vulpavoides germanica Matthes 1952

†Vulpavoides simplicidens Van Valen 1965

†Vulpavoides vanvaleni Russell and Godinot 1988

Invalid names: Kochictidae Kretzoi 1943 [synonym]

Fm. †Pleuraspidotheriidae Zittel 1892

G. †Hilalia Maas et al. 2001

†Hilalia robusta Maas et al. 2001

†Hilalia saribeya Maas et al. 2001

†Hilalia selanneae Maas et al. 2001

†Hilalia sezerorum Maas et al. 2001

G. †Orthaspidotherium Lemoine 1885

†Orthaspidotherium edwardsi Lemoine 1885

G. †Parabunodon Ducrocq and Sen 1991

†Parabunodon anatolicum Ducrocq and Sen 1991

G. †Pleuraspidotherium Lemoine 1878

†Pleuraspidotherium aumonieri Russell 1964

Invalid names: Arctocyonoidea Trouessart 1885 [empty], Didolodontoidea Cifelli 1983 [empty], Meniscotheridae Cope 1882 [empty]

Unr. Ernotheria McKenna 1975

Invalid names: Kennalestida McKenna 1975 [empty]

Unr. Preptotheria McKenna 1975

Superor. †Deltatheridia Van Valen 1965

Invalid names: Zalambdodonta [empty]

Invalid names: Tokotheria McKenna 1975 [empty]

Unr. Ineducabilia Bonaparte 1850

Invalid names: Bestiae Linnaeus 1758 [empty]

G. †Pahelia Zack et al. 2019

†Pahelia mysteriosa Zack et al. 2019

Fm. †Petrolemuridae Szalay et al. 1986

G. †Petrolemur Tong 1979

†Petrolemur brevirostre Tong 1979

G. †Tingamarra Godthelp et al. 1992

†Tingamarra porterorum Godthelp et al. 1992

Invalid names: Atlantogenata Waddell et al. 1999 [invalid subgroup], Exafroplacentalia Waddell et al. 2001 [empty], Monodelphia Gill 1872 [synonym], Ungulatomorpha Archibald 1996 [invalid subgroup]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Maximum body mass:

1374.7 kgs

Minimum body mass:

3 gg

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

scansorialsubc

Diet:

insectivoresubc

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-09-06 20:43:42

Modified:

2005-09-06 22:44:32

Source: s = species, g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Czaplewski 1997, Croft et al. 2004, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, Johnson and Madden 1997, Hendy et al. 2009, Legendre 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Madden 1997

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Turonian to the top of the Holocene or 93.50000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 89.3 Ma

Collections (20707 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian	93.5 - 89.3	Uzbekistan (Navoi)	Cretasorex arkhangelskyi, Deltatheriidae indet. (58179) Periptychidae indet. (58168)
Judithian	83.5 - 70.6	Canada (Alberta)	Nyctitheriidae indet. (14451)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.5 - 66.0	Brazil (São Paulo)	Placentalia indet. (57000)
Maastrichtian	72.1 - 66.0	India (Madhya Pradesh)	Kharmerungulatum vanvaleni (75493)
Maastrichtian	72.1 - 66.0	Portugal (Coimbra)	Leptacodon sp., Palaeoryctidae indet. (49276)
Lancian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Cimolestes magnus (14558)
Lancian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Wyoming)	Cimolestes magnus (14519 14598) Protungulatum sp. (14514)
Lancian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Cimolestes magnus (14630 14633 14635 14637)
Lancian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Cimolestes magnus (14516 14532)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (North Dakota)	Cimolestes magnus (45144)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Baioconodon nordicus, Paleoungulatum hooleyi (183109) Protungulatum coombsi (110464) Protungulatum gorgun (14674)
Pu1	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Montana)	Protungulatum donnae, Mimatuta minuial, Purgatorius janisae, Purgatorius mckeeveri (14762)
Pu3	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Montana)	Eoconodon hutchisoni (143205) Eoconodon hutchisoni, Eoconodon nidhoggi, Purgatorius mckeeveri (218647) Oxyacodon ferronensis, Eoconodon hutchisoni, Eoconodon nidhoggi, Purgatorius mckeeveri, Purgatorius unio (14738)
Pu3	66.0 - 63.3	USA (New Mexico)	Chacomylus sladei, Valenia sp., Tiznatzinia sp. (26575)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (North Dakota)	Protungulatum sp., Oxyacodon priscilla (14765)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (New Mexico)	Arctocyon ferox (74549 125183) Bomburia prisca (193949 193950 193951 193952) Ellipsodon priscus (193953) Hemithlaeus sp., Conacodon sp., Ectoconus sp., Anisonchus sp., Carsioptychus sp. (14661) Loxolophus hyattianus, Hemithlaeus kowalevskianus, Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Conacodon entoconus, Eoconodon gaudrianus, Erinaceomorpha indet., Choeroclaenus turgidunculus, Gillisonchus gillianus (14794) Loxolophus kimbetovius, Loxolophus hyattianus, Oxyclaenus simplex, Oxyclaenus cuspidatus, Hemithlaeus kowalevskianus, Conacodon kohlbergeri, Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Conacodon entoconus, Dissacus navajovius, Eoconodon coryphaeus, Eoconodon gaudrianus, Desmatoclaenus protogonioides, Desmatoclaenus dianae, Choeroclaenus turgidunculus, Gillisonchus gillianus (14703) Loxolophus kimbetovius, Oxyclaenus simplex, Oxyclaenus cuspidatus, Oxyacodon apiculatus, Oxyacodon priscilla, Escatepos campi, Hemithlaeus kowalevskianus, Conacodon cophater, Conacodon kohlbergeri, Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Conacodon entoconus, Eoconodon ginibitohia, Eoconodon coryphaeus, Eoconodon gaudrianus, Eoconodon sp., Erinaceomorpha indet., Bubogonia bombadili, Choeroclaenus turgidunculus, Platymastus palantir, Bomburia priscus, Tiznatzinia vanderhoofi, Mimotricentes mirielae, Fimbrethil ambaronae, Gillisonchus gillianus, Promioclaenus wilsoni (14760) Loxolophus priscus, Loxolophus pentacus, Loxolophus hyattianus, Oxyclaenus simplex, Oxyclaenus cuspidatus, Oxyacodon apiculatus, Eoconodon coryphaeus, Bubogonia bombadili, Tiznatzinia vanderhoofi, Ellipsodon grangeri, Chriacus antiquus, Protogonodon grangeri, Conacodon sp., Ectoconus sp., Gillisonchus gillianus, Plagioptychus matthewi, Bomburia prisa, Tiznatzinia turgidunculus, Promioclaenus wilsoni (14662) Loxolophus priscus, Loxolophus pentacus, Loxolophus hyattianus, Periptychus coarctatus, Gillisonchus gillianus, Desmatoclaenus sp., Desmatoclaenus sp. (14795) Promioclaenus wilsoni (14657)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Wyoming)	Arctocyonidae indet. (14715 14735) Arctocyonidae indet., Conacodon cophater, Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus (14716) Arctocyonidae indet., Triisodontinae indet. (14805) Baioconodon sp. (14712) Conacodon cophater (14727) Ectoconus ditrigonus (14717) Loxolophus faulkneri, Loxolophus sp., Mithrandir gillianus, Ampliconus browni (14713) Loxolophus faulkneri, Mithrandir gillianus (14707) Loxolophus faulkneri, Oxyacodon priscilla, Mithrandir gillianus, Periptychus coarctatus, Periptychidae indet., Promioclaenus wilsoni (14706) Loxolophus hyattianus, Arctocyonidae indet., Oxyacodon agapetillus, Mithrandir gillianus, Eoconodon sp. (14731) Loxolophus hyattianus, Mithrandir gillianus (14728) Loxolophus priscus, Loxolophus hyattianus, Baioconodon middletoni, Oxyacodon priscilla, Oxyacodon agapetillus, Mithrandir gillianus, Alticonus gazini, Ectoconus cavigellii, Ampliconus antoni, Periptychidae indet. (14797) Maiorana ferrisensis, Protungulatum donnae, Mimatuta sp. (14711) Maiorana noctiluca, Oxyprimus galadrielae, Oxyprimus putorius, Mimatuta minuial, Loxolophus nordicus, Eoconodon sp., Oxyacodon josephi (14808) Maiorana noctiluca, Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus sp., Sigynorum magnadivisus, Mimatuta sp., Miniconus jeanninae, Beornus honeyi, Conacodon hettingeri, Conacodon harbourae, Ampliconus antoni (174233) Mimatuta makpialutae, Ragnarok wovokae (14807) Mimatuta sp. (14725) Mithrandir gillianus (14714 14718 14724 14726) Oxyacodon apiculatus (14734) Oxyclaenus cuspidatus, Arctocyonidae indet., Mithrandir gillianus, Conacodon cophater (14723) Oxyclaenus cuspidatus, Oxyclaenus sp., Baioconodon denverensis, Promioclaenus wilsoni (14729) Oxyclaenus simplex (14803) Oxyprimus galadrielae, Arctocyonidae indet. (14804) Oxyprimus sp., Eoconodon sp. (14710) Periptychus coarctatus (14721 14733) Periptychus coarctatus, Periptychidae indet. (14719) Protungulatum donnae (14708 14709) Protungulatum donnae, Loxolophus priscus, Oxyacodon priscilla, Periptychus coarctatus, Protoselene sp. (14720) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Arctocyonidae indet., Oxyacodon agapetillus, Mithrandir gillianus, Conacodon delphae, Ectoconus sp., Periptychidae indet., Condylarthra indet., Conacodon harbourae (14722) Protungulatum sloani, Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus galadrielae, Oxyprimus sp., Mimatuta sp. (14796)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Litomylus orthronepius, Ravenictis krausei, Carnivora indet., Carcinodon aquilonius, Loxolophus schizophrenus, Oxyclaenus corax, Baioconodon denverensis, Oxyacodon agapetillus, Anisonchus oligistus, Eoconodon sp., Bubogonia saskia, Litaletes sp., Purgatorius sp. (14768) Loxolophus schizophrenus, Oxyclaenus sp., Baioconodon denverensis, Arctocyonidae indet., Desmatoclaenus sp. (14691) Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Hyopsodontidae indet., Ragnarok sp. (14756) Protungulatum donnae, Periptychidae indet., Condylarthra indet. (14737)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	Canada (Alberta)	Pandemonium hibernalis (174625)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Montana)	Baioconodon nordicus (14693) Carcinodon sp., Baioconodon nordicus, Oxyacodon ferronensis, Tinuviel eurydice (14744) Carcinodon sp., Loxolophus schizophrenus, Loxolophus sp., Oxyclaenus sp., Baioconodon nordicus, Oxyacodon ferronensis, Oxyacodon apiculatus, Tinuviel eurydice, Eoconodon nidhoggi (14745) Eoconodon hutchisoni (140079 218651 218655) Eoconodon nidhoggi (218650) Haplaletes andakupensis, Oxyclaenus pugnax, Anisonchus oligistus, Tinuviel eurydice, Leptacodon proserpinae, Purgatorius unio, Plesiadapidae indet., Protungulatum sp., Oxprimus albertensis, Tricentes sp., Eoconodon sp., Oxyacodon josephi, Eoconodon sp. (14766) Litomylus orthronepius, Protungulatum sp., Carcinodon aquilonius, Loxolophus sp., Oxyclaenus simplex, Oxyprimus sp., Baioconodon denverensis, Oxyacodon sp., Anisonchus sp., Periptychidae indet., Plesiadapidae indet., Ursolestes perpetior, Mioclaenidae indet., Purgatorius sp., Protogonodon pentacus (14809) Mimatuta minuial (14701) Mimatuta minuial, Ragnarok engdahli (14694) Mimatuta morgoth (14675 108199) Mimatuta morgoth, Condylarthra indet. (108198) Mimatuta sp. (14801 14802) Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14668 14669 14740 14789) Oxyacodon ferronensis (218654) Oxyacodon ferronensis, Eoconodon hutchisoni (14799) Oxyacodon ferronensis, Eoconodon hutchisoni, Eoconodon nidhoggi (218648) Oxyacodon ferronensis, Eoconodon nidhoggi (218649) Oxyprimus erikseni (14696 14702) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp. (14767) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14773) Oxyprimus erikseni, Ragnarok engdahli, Mimatuta morgoth (14742) Oxyprimus erikseni, Ragnarok nordicum (14660) Oxyprimus sp. (14665 14673) Protungulatum donnae (14663 14667 14753) Protungulatum donnae, Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta sp. (14771) Protungulatum donnae, Mimatuta sp., Periptychidae indet., Mimatuta sp. (14759) Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta minuial, Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14777) Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta minuial, Mimatuta sp., Purgatorius coracis (193844) Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta minuial, Ragnarok nordicum (14786) Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth (14671) Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14751) Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth, Ragnarok engdahli (14798) Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth, Ragnarok nordicum (14749) Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14779) Protungulatum gorgun (14755 14757) Protungulatum gorgun, Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14763) Protungulatum gorgun, Mimatuta morgoth, Ragnarok nordicum (14782) Protungulatum gorgun, Oxyprimus erikseni (14698) Protungulatum gorgun, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp. (14776) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14787) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta minuial, Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14788) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth, Ragnarok nordicum (14699 14754) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp. (14780) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14784 14785) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Oxyprimus erikseni, Oxyprimus sp., Baioconodon engdahli, Mimatuta minuial, Mimatuta morgoth, Baioconodon harbichti (14705) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Protungulatum sp., Baioconodon sp., Mimatuta morgoth (14672) Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Protungulatum sp., Oxyprimus erikseni, Ragnarok harbichti, Mimatuta morgoth, Purgatorius ceratops (14741) Protungulatum gorgun, Ragnarok nordicum (14676) Protungulatum mckeeveri, Ragnarok nordicum, Mimatuta minuial, Periptychidae indet. (14761) Protungulatum sp., Mimatuta sp. (14770) Ragnarok harbichti (14743) Ragnarok nordicum (14697 14700 14752 14758 14778)