PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Cypraea (cowry)

Gastropoda - Cypraeidae

Taxonomy

Cypraea was named by Linnaeus (1758) [Sepkoski's age data: T Dani R Sepkoski's reference number: 700]. It is extant. Its type is Cypraea tigris.

It was assigned to Gastropoda by Mansfield (1925); to Cypraeidae by Rafinesque (1815), Olsson (1931), Gardner (1947), Harris and Palmer (1947), Gardner (1948), Ladd (1977), Adegoke (1977), Ladd (1982), Squires (1988), Wilson (1993) and Harzhauser and Mandic (2001); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Cypraeinae by MacNeil (1960), Squires (1984), Dolin and Lozouet (2004) and Bouchet et al. (2017).

Synonyms

Pantherinaria was named by Sacco (1890). It is extant. Its type is Cypraea pantherina.

It was reranked as Cypraea (Pantherinaria) by Voight (1989); it was synonymized subjectively with Cypraea by Bouchet (2015).

It was assigned to Cypraea by Voight (1989).
Vulgusella was named by Jousseaume (1884).

It was synonymized objectively with Cypraea by Burgess (1970).
Cypraea flaveola was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Moretzsohn and Rosenberg (2013).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1758	Cypraea flaveola Linnaeus
1758	Cypraea Linnaeus p. 718
1815	Cypraea Rafinesque
1884	Vulgusella Jousseaume
1890	Pantherinaria Sacco
1925	Cypraea Mansfield p. 49
1931	Cypraea Olsson p. 93
1947	Cypraea Gardner p. 540
1947	Cypraea Harris and Palmer p. 315
1948	Cypraea Gardner p. 213
1960	Cypraea MacNeil p. 50
1977	Cypraea Adegoke p. 142
1977	Cypraea Ladd p. 18
1982	Cypraea Ladd p. 36
1984	Cypraea Squires p. 23
1988	Cypraea Squires p. 12
1989	Cypraea (Pantherinaria) Voight p. 33
1993	Cypraea Wilson p. 174
2001	Cypraea Harzhauser and Mandic p. 702
2002	Cypraea Sepkoski
2004	Cypraea Dolin and Lozouet p. 18
2017	Cypraea Bouchet et al. p. 85

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Gastropoda

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Caenogastropoda	(Cox 1959)
—	Sorbeoconcha	(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
—	Hypsogastropoda	(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
superorder	Latrogastropoda	Riedel 2000
superfamily	Cypraeoidea	(Rafinesque 1815)
family	Cypraeidae	Rafinesque 1815
subfamily	Cypraeinae	Rafinesque 1815
genus	Cypraea

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Cypraea Linnaeus 1758 [cowry]

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Subg. †Cypraea (Austrocypraea) Cossmann 1903

Subg. †Cypraea (Bernayia) Jousseaume 1884

Cypraea (Bistolida) hirundo Linnaeus 1758

Cypraea (Bistolida) kieneri Hidalgo 1906

Subg. †Cypraea (Conocypraea) Oppenheim 1901

Subg. Cypraea (Cribrarula) Strand 1929

Cypraea (Cribrarula) cribraria Linnaeus 1758

Subg. Cypraea (Cypraea) Linnaeus 1758

Subg. †Cypraea (Cypropterina) De Gregorio 1880

Subg. †Cypraea (Luponia) Gray 1837

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†Cypraea (Luponia) subchinensis Abrard 1946

Subg. Cypraea (Notocypraea) Schilder 1927

†Cypraea boucheti Dolin and Lozouet 2004

†Cypraea fenestratis Conrad 1854

†Cypraea ohiroi Masuda 1967

Cypraea pantherina Solander 1786

†Cypraea pediculus Lamarck 1802

†Cypraea pennae White 1887

†Cypraea problematica Heilprin 1886

†Cypraea sulcosa Lamarck 1802

Cypraea tigris Linnaeus 1758

Eratotrivia crenata Deshayes 1835

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Invalid names: Eratotrivia crenularis Oppenheim 1901 [synonym]

Invalid names: Cypraea flaveola Linnaeus 1758 [nomen dubium], Pantherinaria Sacco 1890 [synonym], Vulgusella Jousseaume 1884 [objective synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitec

Locomotion:

actively mobilef

Life habit:

epifaunalf

Diet:

omnivoref

Diet 2:

grazerf

Vision:

limitedc

Created:

2009-09-10 07:50:11

Modified:

2009-09-10 09:50:11

Source: f = family, c = class

References: Kiessling 2004, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian to the top of the Holocene or 70.60000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (169 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Maastrichtian	72.1 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Cypraea sp. (205446)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	Cypraea sp. (4187)
Danian	66.0 - 61.6	USA (Texas)	Cypraea sp. (205466) Cypraea sp. K (91791) Cypraea sp. L (91803)
Danian - Selandian	66.0 - 59.2	USA (Alabama)	Cypraea sp. (35081) Cypraea sp. B (98433)
Danian - Selandian	66.0 - 59.2	USA (Mississippi)	Cypraea sp. D (98528)
Danian - Selandian	66.0 - 59.2	Egypt	Cypraea sp. (87000)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	USA (California)	Cypraea sp. (11117)
Selandian	61.6 - 59.2	USA (Alabama)	Cypraea sp. (205499)
Selandian	61.6 - 59.2	USA (Georgia)	Cypraea sp. E (92371)
Thanetian	59.2 - 56.0	Poland	Cypraea sp. (27018 27019 27020)
Thanetian	59.2 - 56.0	USA (California)	Cypraea sp. (238827)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	USA (Maryland)	Cypraea sp. A (91550 99264 99267)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	United Kingdom (England)	Cypraea sp. (76601)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	USA (California)	Cypraea sp. (52429)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	USA (Oregon)	Cypraea sp. (200899)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	United Kingdom (England)	Cypraea sp. (42113)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	USA (Texas)	Cypraea sp. (205421 205440) Cypraea spp. (205532)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	France (Picardie)	Eratotrivia crenularis (178119)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	France	Cypraea pediculus, Cypraea sulcosa (184107)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	Marshall Islands	Cypraea sp. (43328)