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Epitonium
Taxonomy
Epitonium was named by Bolten (1798) [Sepkoski's age data: T Mi-u-l R]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Scalariidae by Nagao (1928); to Epitoniinae by Dockery (1993); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Harris and Palmer (1947), Gardner (1948), Rivera (1957), MacNeil (1960), Addicott (1970), Ladd (1972), Hickman (1980), Ladd (1982), Moore (1984), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Wilson (1993), Frassinetti and Covacevich (1995), Todd (2001), Wienrich (2001), Harzhauser (2002) and Nielson and Valdovinos (2008).
It was assigned to Scalariidae by Nagao (1928); to Epitoniinae by Dockery (1993); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Harris and Palmer (1947), Gardner (1948), Rivera (1957), MacNeil (1960), Addicott (1970), Ladd (1972), Hickman (1980), Ladd (1982), Moore (1984), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Wilson (1993), Frassinetti and Covacevich (1995), Todd (2001), Wienrich (2001), Harzhauser (2002) and Nielson and Valdovinos (2008).
Species
E. (Arctoscala), E. (Asperiscala), E. (Bifidoscala), E. (Boreoscala) (syn. E. (Catenoscala)), E. (Cinctiscala), E. (Coniscala), E. (Crisposcala), E. (Cycloscala), E. (Epitonium), E. (Glabriscala), E. (Gyroscala), E. (Hirtoscala), E. (Hyaloscala), E. (Minutiscala), E. (Nitidiscala), E. (Papyriscala), E. (Parviscala), E. (Pictoscala), E. (Scala), E. (Striatascala), E. alaquaense, E. albidum, E. angulatum, E. candeanum (syn. E. antillarum), E. chancellorensis, E. charlestonensis, E. clallamense, E. clarki, E. clathratulum, E. cribrum, E. dubiosum, E. echinaticosta, E. faearium, E. foliaceum, E. frondiculum, E. frondosum, E. georgettinum, E. greenlandicum, E. hospitum, E. humphreysii (syn. Scala sayana), E. kostejanum, E. latefasciatum, E. leai, E. merriami, E. multistriatum, E. paytense, E. peruvianum, E. philippinarum, E. rupicola, E. sandwichense, E. sillimani, E. sohli, E. stellanum, E. submaculosum, E. tollini, E. trevelyana
Species lacking formal opinion data
E. charitopolos, E. cookii, E. emydoneus, E. expectatum, E. foliaceicostatum, E. foliaceicostum, E. foliaceicostum, E. foliaceicostum, E. foliaceiscostatum, E. gabbi, E. groenlandica, E. humphreysi, E. imperiale, E. krebsii, E. leroyi, E. multiliniferum, E. muricatum, E. novangliae, E. paytens, E. replicata, E. rushii, E. sculptatum, E. sericifilum, E. suboptima, E. venezuelense
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
---|---|
1798 | Epitonium Bolten |
1928 | Epitonium Nagao p. 91 |
1937 | Epitonium Durham p. 485 |
1944 | Epitonium Durham p. 156 |
1947 | Epitonium Harris and Palmer p. 236 |
1948 | Epitonium Gardner p. 169 |
1957 | Epitonium Rivera p. 173 |
1960 | Epitonium MacNeil p. 44 |
1970 | Epitonium Addicott p. 54 |
1972 | Epitonium Ladd p. 51 |
1980 | Epitonium Hickman p. 26 |
1982 | Epitonium Ladd p. 33 |
1984 | Epitonium Moore p. 10 |
1987 | Epitonium Ward and Blackwelder p. 131 |
1992 | Epitonium Squires and Demetrion p. 30 |
1993 | Epitonium Dockery p. 84 |
1993 | Epitonium Wilson p. 275 |
1995 | Epitonium Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 56 |
2001 | Epitonium Todd |
2001 | Epitonium Wienrich p. 454 |
2002 | Epitonium Harzhauser p. 93 |
2002 | Epitonium Sepkoski |
2008 | Epitonium Nielson and Valdovinos p. 207 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Epitonium Bolten 1798
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Subg. †Epitonium (Arctoscala) Dall 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Asperiscala) de Boury 1909
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Asperiscala bellastriatum Carpenter 1863
Asperiscala hemphilli Dall 1878
Epitonium (Asperiscala) cedrosensis Knight and Hertlein 1926
Epitonium (Asperiscala) dallasi Jordan and Herltein 1926
Subg. †Epitonium (Bifidoscala) Cossmann 1888
Subg. Epitonium (Boreoscala) Kobelt 1905
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†Boreoscala faizae Abbass 1967
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) condoni Dall 1909
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†Epitonium (Boreoscala) condoni hadlockense Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) condoni quimperense Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) condoni townsendense Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) condoni woodmanense Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) condoni eugenense Durham 1937
Epitonium (Boreoscala) coosense Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) earlturneri Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) insecuritum Hanna 1924
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) keaseyense Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) keaseyensis Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) wagneri Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Boreoscala) wyattdurhami Hickman 1980
Invalid names: Epitonium (Catenoscala) Dall 1908 [synonym]
Subg. Epitonium (Cinctiscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. †Epitonium (Coniscala) de Boury 1887
Subg. Epitonium (Crisposcala) De Boury 1886
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†Crisposcala vatinae de Boury 1912
†Epitonium (Crisposcala) acuminiensis de Boury 1883
†Epitonium (Crisposcala) efferum Bramkamp 1937
†Epitonium (Crisposcala) godini de Boury 1883
†Scala (Crisposcala) rakhiensis Eames 1952
Subg. Epitonium (Cycloscala) Dall 1889
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†Epitonium (Cycloscala) eumetrum Woodring 1928
†Epitonium (Cycloscala) vetulum Woodring 1928
Subg. †Epitonium (Epitonium) Röding 1798
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†Epitonium (Epitonium) aequabile Kellum 1926
†Epitonium (Epitonium) dignitatis Kellum 1926
Epitonium (Epitonium) foliaceicosta d'Orbigny 1842
Subg. Epitonium (Glabriscala) De Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Gyroscala) de Boury 1887
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†Cirsotrema (Gyroscala) stueri de Boury 1890
†Epitonium (Gyroscala) barkerianum Addicott 1970
†Epitonium (Gyroscala) effingeri Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Gyroscala) lycocephalum Kensley and Pether 1986
†Gyroscala punjabensis Eames 1952
Subg. Epitonium (Hirtoscala) Monterosato 1890
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Hirtoscala caamanoi Dall and Bartsch 1910
Hirtoscala catalinae Dall 1908
Hirtoscala hindsii Carpenter 1856
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Invalid names: Epitonium (Nitidiscala) contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein 1926 [synonym]
Hirtoscala indianorum Carpenter 1864
Hirtoscala sawinae Dall 1903
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Invalid names: Epitonium (Crisposcala) acrostephanum Dall 1908 [synonym], Epitonium regum Dall 1917 [synonym]
Hirtoscala tincta Carpenter 1864
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Invalid names: Epitonium (Nitidoscala) continuatum Oldroyd 1925 [synonym], Epitonium (Nitidoscala) subcoronatum Carpenter 1864 [synonym]
Subg. Epitonium (Hyaloscala) De Boury 1890
Subg. Epitonium (Minutiscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) de Boury 1909
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Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cooperi Strong 1930
†Epitonium (Nitidiscala) eelense Durham 1937
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum Carpenter 1864
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) magellanicus Philippi 1845
†Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tedfordi Addicott 1970
Subg. Epitonium (Papyriscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Parviscala) de Boury 1887
Subg. †Epitonium (Scala) Humphrey
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Subg. Scala (Fuscoscala) Monterosato 1890
Subg. Scala (Spiniscala) De Boury 1909
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†Epitonium (Spiniscala) loripanum Pilsbry and Olsson 1941
†Spiniscala alidotum Woodring 1928
†Spiniscala etolium Woodring 1928
Subg. Scala (Subuliscala) de Boury 1909
Scala crebricostata Carpenter 1863
†Scala marylandica Martin 1904
†Scala octolineata Conrad 1860
†Scala ranellina Dall 1896
†Scala virginiana Clark 1895
Subg. †Epitonium (Striatascala)
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†Epitonium (Striatascala) anlanum Woodring 1928
†Epitonium (Striatascala) callipictum Woodring 1928
†Epitonium alaquaense Mansfield 1935
Epitonium albidum Orbigny 1842
Epitonium angulatum Say 1831
†Epitonium chancellorensis Petuch 1988
†Epitonium charlestonensis Johnson 1931
†Epitonium clallamense Durham 1937
†Epitonium clarki Oldroyd 1921
Epitonium clathratulum Turton 1806
†Epitonium cribrum Cooke 1926
†Epitonium dubiosum Dall 1916
Epitonium echinaticosta d'Orbigny 1842
†Epitonium faearium Dockery 1993
†Epitonium foliaceum Sowerby 1825
†Epitonium frondiculum Wood 1842
†Epitonium frondosum Sowerby 1827
Epitonium georgettinum Kiener 1838
Epitonium greenlandicum Perry 1811
†Epitonium hospitum Nagao 1928
†Epitonium kostejanum Boettger 1902
†Epitonium latefasciatum Sowerby 1844
†Epitonium leai Ward and Blackwelder 1987
†Epitonium merriami Dickerson 1917
Epitonium multistriatum Say 1826
†Epitonium paytense Olsson 1930
†Epitonium peruvianum Olsson 1928
†Epitonium philippinarum Sowerby 1844
Epitonium rupicola Kurtz 1860
†Epitonium sandwichense Nyst 1871
†Epitonium sillimani Morton 1834
†Epitonium sohli Ward and Blackwelder 1987
†Epitonium stellanum Stephenson 1953
†Epitonium submaculosum Nagao 1928
Epitonium tollini Bartsch 1938
Epitonium trevelyana Johnston 1841
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
---|---|---|
J. W. Durham 1937 | Shell turreted, porcellaneous and usually rather thin; whorls loosely or closely appressed; convex; with axial varices; aperture entire, usually ovate, slightly oblique, thickened by last varix; auricle present; spiral ribs present or none; umbilicus open or closed. |