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Laroidea
Taxonomy
Laroidea was named by Stejneger (1885). It is extant. Its type is Larus.
It was corrected as Laroidae by Hay (1930).
It was assigned to Cecomorphae by Hay (1902); to Charadriiformes by Hay (1930); and to Larides by Livezey and Zusi (2007).
It was corrected as Laroidae by Hay (1930).
It was assigned to Cecomorphae by Hay (1902); to Charadriiformes by Hay (1930); and to Larides by Livezey and Zusi (2007).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1885 | Laroidea Stejneger |
| 1902 | Laroidea Hay p. 525 |
| 1930 | Laroidae Hay p. 339 |
| 2007 | Laroidea Livezey and Zusi p. 92 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Superfm. Laroidea Stejneger 1885
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Fm. Laridae Vigors 1825 [gull]
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G. Anous Stephens 1826
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Anous ceruleus Bennett 1840 [blue-gray noddy]
Anous minutus Boie 1844 [black noddy]
Anous stolidus Linnaeus 1758 [brown noddy]
Anous tenuirostris Temminck 1873 [lesser noddy]
Invalid names: Procelsterna Lafresnaye 1842 [synonym]
G. Chlidonias Rafinesque 1822
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Chlidonias albostriatus Gray 1845 [black-fronted tern]
Chlidonias niger Linnaeus 1758 [black tern]
Invalid names: Hydrochelidon Boie [synonym]
G. Chroicocephalus Eyton 1836
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Chroicocephalus bulleri Hutton 1871 [black-billed gull]
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus Vieillot 1818 [gray-headed gull]
Chroicocephalus cucullatus Bruch 1855
Chroicocephalus franklinii Richard 1831
Chroicocephalus hartlaubii Bruch 1853 [Hartlaub's gull]
Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Stephens 1826 [silver gull]
Chroicocephalus philadelphia Ord 1815 [Bonaparte's gull]
Chroicocephalus ridibundus Linnaeus 1758 [black-headed gull]
G. Larus Linnaeus 1758
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Subg. Larus (Larus) Linnaeus 1758
Larus argentatus Pontoppidan 1763 [herring gull]
Larus atricilla Linnaeus 1758 [laughing gull]
Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson 1831
Larus cachinnans Pallas 1811 [Caspian gull]
Larus californicus Lawrence 1854 [California gull]
Larus canus Linnaeus 1758 [mew gull]
Larus chalcopterus Bruch 1855
Larus delawarensis Ord 1815 [ring-billed gull]
†Larus dolnicensis Svec 1980
Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein 1823 [kelp gull]
†Larus elmorei Brodkorb 1953 [gull]
Larus fuscus Linnaeus 1758 [lesser black-backed gull]
Larus glaucescens Naumann 1840 [glaucous-winged gull]
Larus glaucus Brünnich 1764
Larus heermanni Cassin 1852 [Heermann's gull]
Larus hutchinsii Richardson 1831
Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus 1767 [glaucous gull]
†Larus lacus Emslie 1995 [gull]
Larus leucopterus Faber 1855
Larus marinus Linnaeus 1758 [great black-backed gull]
Larus occidentalis Audubon 1839 [western gull]
†Larus oregonus Shufeldt 1891
†Larus perpetuus Emslie 1995 [gull]
†Larus pristinus Shufeldt 1915
†Larus raemdonckii Van Beneden 1871
†Larus robustus Shufeldt 1891
Larus smithsonianus Coues 1862
†Larus utunui Steadman 2002 [Huahine gull]
Invalid names: Laroides Brehm 1830 [synonym]
G. Leucophaeus Bruch 1853
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Leucophaeus pipixcan Wagler 1831 [Franklin's gull]
Leucophaeus scoresbii Traill 1823 [dolphin gull]
G. †Limosavis Schufeldt 1915
G. Onychoprion Wagler 1832
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Onychoprion anaethetus Scopoli 1786 [Bridled tern]
Onychoprion fuscatus Linnaeus 1766 [sooty tern]
Onychoprion lunatus Peale 1848 [gray-backed tern]
G. Pagophila Kaup 1829
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Pagophila brachytarsus Hölb 1846
Pagophila eburnea Phipps 1774 [ivory gull]
G. Rissa Stephens 1826
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Rissa brevirostris Bruch 1853 [red-legged kittiwake]
†Rissa estesi Chandler 1990
Rissa kotzebui Boneparte 1853
Rissa tridactyla Linnaeus 1758 [black-legged kittiwake]
Subfm. Rynchopinae Dickinson and Remsen 2013
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G. Sterna Linnaeus 1758 [tern]
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Sterna forsteri Nuttall 1834 [Foster's tern]
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus 1758 [common tern]
†Sterna milneedwardsi Riabinin 1931
Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan 1763 [Arctic tern]
Sterna striata Gmelin 1789 [white-fronted tern]
Sterna sumatrana Raffles 1822 [black-naped tern]
Sterna vittata Gmelin 1789 [Antarctic tern]
G. Thalasseus Boie 1822
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Thalasseus bergii Lichtenstein 1823 [great crested tern]
Thalasseus elegans Gambel 1849 [elegant tern]
Thalasseus maximus Boddaert 1783 [royal tern]
Thalasseus sandvicensis Latham 1787 [Sandwich tern]
Invalid names: Gyginae del Hoyo et al. 2014 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Marsh 1875, Benton 1983, Bush and Bambach 2015 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Rupelian to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.1 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.1 Ma
Collections (277 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rupelian | Germany (Saxony) | Laridae indet. (65173) | |
| Oligocene | USA (Oregon) | Larus pristinus (176030) | |
| Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | Larus sp. (48887) | |
| Altonian | New Zealand (South Island) | Laridae indet. (73690 126289) | |
| Langhian | USA (Virginia) | Feducciavis loftini (207008) | |
| MN 5 | Austria | Laridae indet. (51002) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Virginia) | Feducciavis loftini (187324) | |
| Tortonian | USA (Florida) | Larus elmori (122350 122351) | |
| Messinian | Bulgaria | Larinae indet. (215636) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Larus ribibundus, Larus sp., Larus argentatus, Larus delawarensis, Larus atricilla, Larus minutus, Sterna maxima, Sterna nilotica (52582) | |
| Pliocene | USA (Florida) | Larus elmorei (176044) | |
| Pliocene | South Africa (Langebaanweg) | Laridae indet. (37207) | |
| Blancan | USA (California) | Larus sp. (177996 178020) Rissa estesi (178007 178017) Sterna sp. (178010) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (Florida) | Larus sp., Larus perpetuus, Larus lacus (22712) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Spain (Granada) | Laridae indet. (34898) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (California) | Rissa tridactyla, Larus heermanni, Larus occidentalis (176098) | |
| Pleistocene | Greece (Chalkidiki) | Larus sp. (183123) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | Larus sp. (59062) | |
| Calabrian | Italy | Larus canus (197790) | |
| Calabrian | USA (Virginia) | Sterna sp. (104698) | |