Ledbury, near Knapp Lane. Section 4B: Gorstian, United Kingdom

List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
Cephalopoda - Paraphragmitidae
Cyrtocycloceras tenuiannulatum
Cephalopoda - Orthocerida - Kionoceratidae
Kionoceras informal sp. B Hyatt 1884
Gastropoda - Euomphalina - Euomphalidae
Euomphalus sp. Sowerby 1814
Gastropoda - Euomphalina - Oriostomatidae
Oriostoma sp. Munier-Chalmas 1876
Gastropoda - Murchisoniina - Loxonematidae
Loxonema sinuosa (de Sowerby and Murchison 1839)
recombined as Loxonema sinuosum
Gastropoda - Murchisoniina - Phanerotrematidae
Bembexia lloydii (de Sowerby and Murchison 1839)
recombined as Ulrichospira lloydii
Gastropoda - Murchisoniina - Luciellidae
Leptozone striatissima (Reed 1901)
recombined as Prosolarium striatissima
Bivalvia
Bivalvia informal sp. A Linnaeus 1758
Bivalvia informal sp. C Linnaeus 1758
Bivalvia informal sp. F Linnaeus 1758
Bivalvia - Solenida - Orthonotidae
Orthonota rigida
Bivalvia - Grammysiidae
Sedgwickia amygdalina
Bivalvia - Modiomorphida - Cypricardiniidae
Cypricardinia subplanulata
Bivalvia - Modiomorphida - Modiomorphidae
Modiomorphidae informal sp. C Miller 1877
Bivalvia - Lucinida - Mactromyidae
"Paracyclas" insueta
Bivalvia - Ostreida - Pterineidae
Ptychopteria tenuistriata
Actinopteria sowerbyi
Bivalvia - Cyrtodontida - Cyrtodontidae
"Cyrtodonta" perovalis
Lingulata - Lingulida - Discinidae
Orbiculoidea rugata
Lingulata - Lingulida - Lingulidae
Lingula lewisii
Craniata - Craniopsida - Craniopsidae
Craniops implicata
Rhynchonellata - Pentamerida - Gypidulidae
Gypidula lata
Rhynchonellata - Rhynchonellida - Hebetoechiidae
Sphaerirhynchia wilsoni (de Sowerby 1816)
Rhynchonellata - Rhynchonellida - Trigonirhynchiidae
"Camarotoechia" nucula (Sowerby 1839)
recombined as Microsphaeridiorhynchus nucula
Rhynchonellata - Spiriferida - Delthyrididae
Howellella elegans Muir-Wood 1925
Rhynchonellata - Spiriferida - Cyrtiidae
Eospirifer radiatus (Sowerby 1834)
Cyrtia exporrecta (Wahlenberg 1818)
recombined as Cyrtia exporrectus
Rhynchonellata - Atrypida - Atrypidae
Atrypa reticularis (Linnaeus 1758)
original and current combination Anomia reticularis
Rhynchonellata - Orthida - Rhipidomellidae
Dalejina hybrida (Sowerby 1839)
Rhynchonellata - Orthida - Dalmanellidae
Isorthis elivosa
Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Leptostrophiidae
Leptostrophia filosa (Sowerby 1839)
recombined as Mesoleptostrophia filosa
Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Rafinesquinidae
Leptaena depressa (Sowerby 1824)
recombined as Leptaena (Leptaena) depressa
Lepidoleptaena sp. Havlicek 1963
Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Strophonellidae
Strophonella euglypha (Dalman 1828)
recombined as Strophoprion euglypha
Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Amphistrophiidae
Amphistrophia funiculata (M'Coy 1846)
recombined as Amphistrophiella funiculata
Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Shaleriidae
Shaleria ornatella (Davidson 1871)
recombined as Shaleria (Janiomya) ornatella
Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Eopholidostrophiidae
Mesopholidostrophia laevigata (de Sowerby and Murchison 1839)
Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Strophochonetidae
Shagamella ludloviensis
Protochonetes minimus (Sowerby 1839)
Strophomenata - Orthotetida - Schuchertellidae
"Schuchertella" sp. Girty 1904
unclassified
Bryozoa indet. Ehrenberg 1831
lamellose, globular, ramose, and fenestrate colonies
Trilobita - Proetida - Proetidae
Proetus astringens Owens 1973
Trilobita - Phacopida - Calymenidae
Calymene sp. Brongniart 1822
Trilobita - Phacopida - Dalmanitidae
Dalmanites myops
Trilobita - Phacopida - Encrinuridae
Encrinurus informal n. sp.
Anthozoa - Rugosa
Rugosa indet. Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850
trochoid corals
see common names

Geography
Country:United Kingdom State/province:England County:Gloucestershire
Coordinates: 51.9° North, 2.1° West (view map)
Paleocoordinates:27.9° South, 12.4° West
Basis of coordinate:based on political unit
Time
Period:Silurian Epoch:Ludlow
Stage:Gorstian 10 m.y. bin:Silurian 2
Key time interval:Gorstian
Age range of interval:427.40000 - 425.60000 m.y. ago
Stratigraphy
Formation:Bringewood Beds Member:Lower
Local section:Ledbury Local bed:95 m
Local order:bottom to top
Stratigraphy comments: "Ludlow Series, lower Bringewood Beds"

Traditionally, the Bringewoodian was its own local substage. It is now the upper portion of the Gorstian.
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology: argillaceous,silty "limestone"
Lithology description: "In section 4B, the Bringewood Beds consist of silty and argillaceous limestones bearing the M. laevigata Association in their lower portion" Was calcareous siltstone on Sepkoski list.
Environment:offshore
Geology comments: "bioturbated sltst and calcisiltite (bioturbated). shelf; Stricklandia Comm. equiv (BA4)"
Taphonomy
Modes of preservation:body
Size of fossils:macrofossils
Collection methods and comments
Reason for describing collection:paleoecologic analysis
Taxonomic list comments:Watkins (1979) Table 18 supplanted Sepkoski's old list on 2014-07-09 (PJW)
Metadata
Also known as:Mesopholidostrophia laevigata association, lower Bringewood Beds
Database number:480
Authorizer:J. Sepkoski, P. Wagner Enterer:M. Sommers, P. Wagner
Modifier:M. Uhen Research group:marine invertebrate
Created:1998-12-15 16:43:14 Last modified:2017-01-28 17:25:42
Access level:the public Released:1998-12-15 16:43:14
Creative Commons license:CC BY
Reference information

Primary reference:
25317. R. Watkins. 1979. Benthic community organization in the Ludlow Series of the Welsh Borderland. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology) 31:175-280 [P. Novack-Gottshall/P. Hearn/J. Ju]