Indian Stronghold (Protoceras Channel): Whitneyan, South Dakota
List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
Reptilia
- Gruiformes
- Bathornithidae
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Paracrax gigantea
Cracraft 1968
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Cracraft 1968 | |||||||||
"from middle Protoceras channels, about 175 feet above the base of the Poleslide member... between West Fork of Big Corral Draw and Cottonwood Creek... collected in 1940 by M. F. Skinner, R. L. Mefferd, and associates" | ||||||||||
Paracrax wetmorei n. sp.
Cracraft 1968
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Cracraft 1968 | |||||||||
"from one of the lowest Protoceras channels, about 100 feet above the base of the Poleslide member... northeast of Indian Stronghold on the divide between west Big Corral Draw and Cottonwood Creek... collected in1938 by M. F. Skinner, R. L. Mefferd, and associates" | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Nimravidae
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Pogonodon sp.
Cope 1880
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= Nimravidae indet.
Cope 1880
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Alroy 2002 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Canidae
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"Mesocyon" temnodon
(Wortman and Matthew 1899)
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Wang 1994 | |||||||||
NE of Indian Stronghold, Protoceras channel | ||||||||||
Hesperocyon gregarius
(Cope 1873)
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Wang 1994 | |||||||||
NE of Indian Stronghold in Protoceras channel | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Agriochoeridae
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Agriochoerus gaudryi n. sp.
(Osborn and Wortman 1893)
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described as "Artionyx" gaudryi by Osborn and Wortman 1893; definitely from main Protoceras locality | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Hypertragulidae
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Hypertragulus dakotensis n. sp.
Frick 1937
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Frick 1937 | |||||||||
"From Protoceras Beds, Big Badlands, South Dakota, 1892" | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Protoceratidae
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Protoceras celer
Marsh 1891
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see Patton and Taylor 1973: type, including types of "P. comptus"; "P. nasutus"; "Calops consors"; and "C. cristatus"; all from head of Big Corral Draw, NE of Indian Stronghold on the NE side of Cuny Table, Shannon Co. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Tayassuidae
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Thinohyus sp.
Marsh 1875
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= Tayassuidae indet.
Palmer 1897
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Alroy 2002 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Entelodontidae
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Entelodontidae indet.
Lydekker 1883
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Sinclair 1922 | |||||||||
small; "Protoceras beds on Cottonwood Creek in what is now Washington County" | ||||||||||
Scaptohyus altidens n. sp.
Sinclair 1922
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from "Protoceras beds in Corral Draw"; collected in 1893; presumably includes "Elotherium imperator" | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Anthracotheriidae
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Anthracotherium karense n. sp.
Osborn and Wortman 1894
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synonym of Heptacodon curtus | ||||||||||
Hyopotamus brachyrhynchus n. sp.
Osborn and Wortman 1894
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synonym of Elomeryx armatus | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Equidae
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Miohippus gidleyi n. sp.
(Osborn 1904)
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Osborn 1904 | |||||||||
(1 measurement) | ||||||||||
Mesohippus validus n. sp.
Osborn 1904
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Osborn 1904 | |||||||||
synonym of Miohippus gidleyi | ||||||||||
AMNH type and PU referred specimen from "Protoceras beds... drainage basin of Cottonwood Creek"; specimen number of "M. validus" type shows that it belongs to 1892 collection (8 measurements) | ||||||||||
Mesohippus grallipes n. sp.
Sinclair 1925
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Sinclair 1925 | |||||||||
synonym of Miohippus gidleyi | ||||||||||
"Protoceras beds... drainage basin of Cottonwood Creek": collected by J. B. Hatcher and J. A. Murray in 1893 (7 measurements) | ||||||||||
Mesohippus intermedius n. sp.
Osborn and Wortman 1895
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recombined as Miohippus intermedius | ||||||||||
from "Protoceras layer of White River" referred specimens from "both the White and Cheyenne River localities"; referred specimen of Osborn 1904 is just two numbers before an AMNH Protoceras specimen listed by Patton and Taylor 1973 (7 measurements) | ||||||||||
Miohippus crassicuspis n. sp.
Osborn 1904
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synonym of Miohippus annectens | ||||||||||
"Protoceras Beds" specimen number places this with 1892 collection | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Tapiridae
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Protapirus obliquidens n. sp.
Wortman and Earle 1893
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Wortman and Earle 1893 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Rhinocerotidae
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Aceratherium tridactylum n. sp.
Osborn 1893
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recombined as Diceratherium tridactylum | ||||||||||
described by Osborn 1893; includes "Diceratherium proavitum" | ||||||||||
Aceratherium platycephalum n. sp.
Osborn and Wortman 1894
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recombined as Amphicaenopus platycephalus | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Hyracodontidae
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Hyracodon nebrascensis
(Leidy 1850)
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recombined as Hyracodon nebraskensis | ||||||||||
from the "Brown nodule layer" above the Protoceras sandstones, Corral Draw; presumably "H. sp." of Osborn and Wortman 1894 | ||||||||||
Hyracodon leidyanus
Troxell 1921
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Sinclair 1922 | |||||||||
Princeton specimens, including his type of "H. apertus"; all from "Brown nodule layer above Protoceras sandstones, Corral Draw" | ||||||||||
see common names |
Geography
Country: | United States | State/province: | South Dakota | County: | Shannon |
Coordinates: | 43.3° North, 102.5° West (view map) | ||||
Paleocoordinates: | 44.3° North, 95.0° West | ||||
Basis of coordinate: | based on political unit |
Time
Period: | Paleogene | Epoch: | Oligocene |
Stage: | Rupelian | 10 m.y. bin: | Cenozoic 4 |
*Period: | Tertiary | ||
Key time interval: | Whitneyan | ||
Age range of interval: | 31.80000 - 29.50000 m.y. ago | ||
* legacy (obsolete) database fields |
Stratigraphy
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology: | coarse poorly lithified sandstone |
Lithology description: "coarse stream-transported" sandstone that is collected in "blocks" (Sinclair 1925) | |
Environment: | fluvial indet. |
Taphonomy
Modes of preservation: | body |
Size of fossils: | macrofossils |
Collection methods and comments
Reason for describing collection: | general faunal/floral analysis |
Museum repositories: | AMNH |
Collection method comments: AMNH and Princeton University collections | |
Taxonomic list comments:because Big Corral Draw "is the primary set of outcrops worked by the early collectors" of Protoceras beds material (Patton and Taylor 1973), AMNH Protoceras Beds collection of 1892 is included here; this is referred to as "the Cheyenne River locality" in early publications "Mesohippus bairdi" no specimens described, omitted by Osborn and Wortman 1895 "Mesohippus copei" Osborn and Wortman 1895: type, "Protoceras layer of the Cheyenne River locality"; apparently a nomen dubium based on discussion of Osborn 1904 |
Metadata
Database number: | 17344 | ||
Authorizer: | J. Alroy, J. Marcot | Enterer: | J. Alroy, J. Marcot |
Modifier: | J. Alroy | Research group: | vertebrate |
Created: | 1995-10-18 00:00:00 | Last modified: | 2011-05-13 23:26:05 |
Access level: | the public | Released: | 1995-10-18 00:00:00 |
Creative Commons license: | CC BY |
Reference information
Primary reference:
2711. | H. F. Osborn and J. L. Wortman. 1894. Fossil mammals of the Lower Miocene White River beds. Collection of 1892. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 6(7):199-228 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Carrano] |
Secondary references:
6294 | J. Alroy. 2002. Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals. [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Kouvari] | |
28306 | J. Cracraft. 1968. A review of the Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae. American Museum Novitates 2326:1-46 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
6222 | C. Frick. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 69:1-669 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen] | |
2699 | H. F. Osborn. 1904. New Oligocene horses. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 20(13):167-179 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/T. Liebrecht] | |
2712 | H. F. Osborn and J. L. Wortman. 1895. Perissodactyls of the Lower Miocene White River beds. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 7(12):343-375 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Marcot] | |
3167 | W. J. Sinclair. 1922. Entelodonts from the Big Badlands of South Dakota in the geological museum of Princeton University. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 60:467-495 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
3169 | W. J. Sinclair. 1922. Hyracodons from the Big Badlands of South Dakota. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 61:65-79 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
3171 | W. J. Sinclair. 1925. The mounted skeleton of a new Mesohippus from the Protoceras Beds. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 64(1):55-63 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
6226 | X. Wang. 1994. Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 221:1-207 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
3772 | J. L. Wortman and C. Earle. 1893. Ancestors of the tapir from the lower Miocene of Dakota. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5(11):159-180 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Carrano] |