• Corakyerler contrast strongly with the mostly fluvial or alluvial fan deposits at other Turolian localities in the Greco-Iranian region. Sedimentological and faunal differences both suggest that the fossil assemblage of Corakyerler represents habitats at an ancient lake shore. The evidence supports the view that its com- munity is somehow ‘more humid’ than expected from its mean hypsodonty, reflecting a locally humid setting in a more arid regional context. Corakyerler therefore shows local taxonomic and paleoenvironmental differences from the regional average, as a typical Pikermian fauna and environment with a local twist favorable to hominids.

• At its lower levels, the Tuglu Formation at Corakyerler (Fig. 4) is characterized by red to pink nodular limestone and siltstone, marl alternations with sparse freshwater mollusks (Gastro- poda, Bivalvia), and some vertebrate bones. This is succeeded by an approximately 6-m-thick white to pinkish clayey limestone intercalated with thin red mudstone lenses that are rich in vertebrate bones, including hominid fossils. The fossil-bearing horizon appears to reflect a distal alluvial fan to floodplain environment. The presence of freshwater mollusks, together with an alternation of gypsum, marls, laminated claystones, and shales, in the various levels of the section indicates lacustrine deposition with fluctuating lake levels. Organic-rich levels may indicate swampy areas at the periphery of the lake (cf. Walker and James, 1992; Talbot and Allen, 1996), whereas lenses of sandstones with conglomerates indicate fluvial settings, which probably drained the lake.