Where: Pakistan (25.3° N, 63.3° E: paleocoordinates 23.4° N, 61.9° E)
• coordinate based on nearby landmark
• local area-level geographic resolution
When: Mekran Formation, Late/Upper Miocene (11.6 - 5.3 Ma)
• STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS: Overlies the Gaj beds. AGE: Somewhat unclear. Younger than Early Miocene Gaj beds (Aquitanian-Burdigalian), and younger than the Gwadar beds (Pliocene), so probably ranging from Middle to Late Miocene in age. Age will be amended following consideration of taxonomic similarities with Indonesian faunas. STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION: Base of sandstones.
• group of beds-level stratigraphic resolution
Environment/lithology: coastal; poorly lithified sandstone
Size class: macrofossils
Collected by Vredenburg
Collection methods: surface (in situ),
• COLLECTORS: Multiple collectors including W. Blanford, Wynne, Hira Lal, Ram Singh, and Noetling (staff of Geological Survey of India) during the early 1900's. REPOSITORY: Geological Survey of India, with voucher specimens possibly at the BMNH.
Primary reference: E. Vredenburg. 1925. Description of Mollusca from the post-Eocene Tertiary formation of north-western India: Cephalopoda, Opisthobranchiata, Siphonostomata. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 50(1):1-350 [A. Hendy/A. Hendy]more details
Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis
PaleoDB collection 77133: authorized by Austin Hendy, entered by Austin Hendy on 21.12.2007
Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)
Taxonomic list
Bivalvia | |
Corbula mekranica Vredenburg 1928 clam | |
"Venus (Clementia) papyracea" = Clementia (Clementia) papyracea, "Cytherea (Callista) pseudoumbonella" = Macrocallista (Costacallista) pseudoumbonella, "Dosinia subpenicillata" = Dosina subpenicillata, "Venus (Omphaloclathrum) mekranica" = Venus mekranica, Dosinia pseudoargus, "Dosinia peralta" = Dosinia (Dosinia) peralta, Tapes (Callistotapes) pseudoliratus
"Venus (Clementia) papyracea" = Clementia (Clementia) papyracea Gray 1825 venus clam
"Cytherea (Callista) pseudoumbonella" = Macrocallista (Costacallista) pseudoumbonella Vredenburg 1928 venus clam
"Dosinia subpenicillata" = Dosina subpenicillata Vredenburg 1928 venus clam
"Venus (Omphaloclathrum) mekranica" = Venus mekranica Vredenburg 1928 venus clam
Dosinia pseudoargus d'Archiac and Haime 1853 venus clam
"Dosinia peralta" = Dosinia (Dosinia) peralta Vredenburg 1928 venus clam
Tapes (Callistotapes) pseudoliratus Vredenburg 1928 venus clam | |
Semele mekranica Vredenburg 1928 clam | |
"Cardium (Discors) triforme" = Discors triforme
"Cardium (Discors) triforme" = Discors triforme Sowerby 1840 cockle | |
"Arca decussata" = Glycymeris decussata
"Arca decussata" = Glycymeris decussata Linnaeus 1758 clam | |
Arca clathrata, "Arca rhombea" = Scapharca (Cunearca) rhombea
"Arca rhombea" = Scapharca (Cunearca) rhombea Born 1778 ark | |
"Ostrea digitalina" = Cubitostrea digitalina Eichwald 1830 oyster SUBSPECIES: O. digitalina rholfsii
Ostrea petrosa Fuchs 1879 oyster
Ostrea pseudodigitalina Fuchs 1879 oyster | |
Gastropoda | |
"Turritella angulata" = Kapalmerella ranikoti, Protoma renevieri, Protoma retrodilatatum, "Turritella subulata" = Haustator subulata, Turritella assimilis
"Turritella angulata" = Kapalmerella ranikoti Vredenburg 1928 turret shell
Protoma renevieri d'Archiac and Haime 1854 turret shell
Protoma retrodilatatum Vredenburg 1928 turret shell
"Turritella subulata" = Haustator subulata Martin 1884 turret shell
Turritella assimilis Sowerby 1840 turret shell | |
Batillaria mekranica Vredenburg 1928 snail | |
"Potamides (Cerithidea) jenkinsi" = Cerithidea (Cerithideopsilla) jenkinsi, Potamides (Cerithidea) fluviatilis, Terebralia dimoprha, Terebralia sublignitarum, Terebralia miosulcata
"Potamides (Cerithidea) jenkinsi" = Cerithidea (Cerithideopsilla) jenkinsi Martin 1879 horn snail
Potamides (Cerithidea) fluviatilis Potiez and Michaud 1838 horn snail
Terebralia dimoprha horn snail
Terebralia sublignitarum Vredenburg 1928 horn snail
Terebralia miosulcata Vredenburg 1928 horn snail | |
Cassidea (Semicassis) mekranica Vredenburg 1925 snail | |
"Ranella bitubercularis" = Gyrineum bituberculare
"Ranella bitubercularis" = Gyrineum bituberculare Lamarck 1816 triton shell | |
"Ranella (Bufonaria) spinosa" = Bufonaria (Bufonaria) echinata
"Ranella (Bufonaria) spinosa" = Bufonaria (Bufonaria) echinata Link 1807 frog shell | |
Pirula ficus Gmelin 1791 fig shell | |
"Rostellaria curta" = Tibia curta, Strombus mekranicus
"Rostellaria curta" = Tibia curta Sowerby 1842 true conch
Strombus mekranicus Vredenburg 1925 conch | |
Athleta (Volutospina) mekranica Vredenburg 1925 volute | |
Purpura (Stramonita) angulata Dujardin 1837 murex snail | |
Trigonostoma crispatum Sowerby 1855 snail | |
Turbinella mekranica Vredenburg 1925 snail
Turbinella episoma Michelotti 1861 snail | |
"Conus (Leptoconus) vimineus" = Conasprella (Fusiconus) vimineus, "Conus (Leptoconus) scalaris" = Conus scalaris, Conus (Lithoconus) djarianensis, Conus (Leptoconus) amadis
"Conus (Leptoconus) vimineus" = Conasprella (Fusiconus) vimineus Reeve 1849 cone shell
"Conus (Leptoconus) scalaris" = Conus scalaris Martin 1879 cone shell
Conus (Lithoconus) djarianensis Martin 1895 cone shell
Conus (Leptoconus) amadis Martini 1773 cone shell | |
Terebra mekranica Vredenburg 1925 auger snail
Terebra gedrosiana Vredenburg 1925 auger snail
Terebra (Myurella) aspera Hinds 1843 auger snail | |
Bathytoma cataphracta, "Surcula tuberculata" = Asthenotoma tuberculata
"Surcula tuberculata" = Asthenotoma tuberculata Gray 1839 snail | |
Mitra inquinata Reeve 1844 mitre shell
Mitra (Cancilla) flammea Quoy 1832 mitre shell | |
Oliva (Neocylindrus) mustelina Lamarck 1810 olive snail | |
Siphonalia (Kelletia) mekranica, Hindsia mekranica, "Tritonidea (Cantharus) erythrostoma" = Cantharus erythrostoma, "Lathyrus duplicatus" = Latirus duplicatus, "Clavilithes verbeeki" = Mancorus verbeeki, Melongena (Pugilina) ponderosa
Siphonalia (Kelletia) mekranica Vredenburg 1925 true whelk
Hindsia mekranica Vredenburg 1925 true whelk
"Tritonidea (Cantharus) erythrostoma" = Cantharus erythrostoma Reeve 1849 true whelk
"Lathyrus duplicatus" = Latirus duplicatus Vredenburg 1925 true whelk
"Clavilithes verbeeki" = Mancorus verbeeki Martin 1895 true whelk
Melongena (Pugilina) ponderosa Martin 1895 true whelk | |
Cephalopoda | |
Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus 1758 pearly nautilus |