Where: Pakistan (30.7° N, 76.8° E: paleocoordinates 29.2° N, 77.3° E)
• coordinate based on nearby landmark
When: Pinjor Formation, Pliocene (5.3 - 2.6 Ma)
• formation-level stratigraphic resolution
Environment/lithology: fluvial; lithology not reported
Size class: macrofossils
Collection methods: Local environment (based on mammals) is open grassland,with some bushland ansd wooded grassland.
Primary reference: M. Pickford. 2007. Revision of the Mio-Pliocene bunodont otter-like mammals of the Indian Subcontinent. Estudios Geologicos 63(1):83-127 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Uhen]more details
Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis
PaleoDB collection 92070: authorized by Mark Uhen, entered by Mark Uhen on 28.10.2009, edited by Evangelos Vlachos, Bethany Allen and Grace Varnham
Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)
Taxonomic list
Mammalia | |
Enhydriodon sivalensis Falconer 1868 otter
Enhydriodon falconeri Pilgrim 1932 otter | |
Reptilia | |
Emyda vittata7 Peters 1854 turtle BMNH 39618, imperfect adult shell; BMNH 39833, imperfect adult shell; BMNH R.1441, conjoined right hyo- and hypoplastral; BMNH 1441b, right anterior marginal bone; BMNH 1441c, right half of nuchal; BMNH 48445, small marginal bone
"Bataguridae indet." = Batagurinae8 Gray 1870 turtle E-105 (right hypoplastron); E-106 (left hypoplastron)
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Testudo cautleyi n. sp.7, Testudo atlas n. sp.7, Cachuga tectum7, "Megalochelys sivalensis n. gen. n. sp." = Megalochelys sivalensis2, "Colossochelys atlas n. gen. n. sp." = Megalochelys sivalensis3, "Testudo punjabiensis n. sp." = Megalochelys sivalensis7
Testudo cautleyi n. sp.7 Lydekker 1889 turtle BMNH R.937 (holotype), epiplastrals; BMNH R.955, part of epiplastrals from small individual
Testudo atlas n. sp.7 Falconer and Cautley 1844 turtle BMNH 40603 (holotype), imperfect epiplastrals of an adult; BMNH R.326a, nuchal bone; BMNH 16903, 1st and 2nd marginal on left side; BMNH 16903a, part of left side of shell; BMNH 16909, 1st marginal bone on left side; BMNH 16904, part of 2nd and 3rd marginal on left side; BMNH R.326c, incomplete 7th and 8th marginals on left side; BMNH 326b, posterior end of carapace; BMNH 16897, right inguinal region of carapace; BMNH R.326d, right inguinal region of carapace; BMNH R.326e, partial 7th and 8th marginal bones on right side; BMNH 16940, imperfect epiplastrals of an adult; BMNH 16941, Imperfect epiplastrals and entoplastral of an adult; BMNH R.326i, piece of epiplastrals; BMNH R.920, posterior extremity of epiplastral carina; BMNH 16955, right epiplastral of a juvenile; BMNH 40629, posterior extremity of plastron; BMNH R.326r, part of right side of plastron
"Megalochelys sivalensis n. gen. n. sp." = Megalochelys sivalensis2 Falconer and Cautley 1837 turtle Holotype: BMNH-40630, an epiplastron; E-80 (epiplastron) originally referred to as geoudo punjabiensis; PUA/702 (shell), E-76 (epiplastron), E-77 (skull), originally referred to as Colossochelys atlas; E-82 (epiplastra) and E-86 (right peripheral 11) originally referred to as Cautleya annuliger
"Testudo punjabiensis n. sp." = Megalochelys sivalensis7 Falconer and Cautley 1837 turtle BMNH R.599 (cast of holotype) from "Pliocene Siwaliks of the Punjab", partial right epiplastral; BMNH R.599a, cast of left epiplastral; BMNH R.600, cast of nuchal bone
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"Bellia sivalensis n. sp." = Melanochelys sivalensis7, "Bellia theobaldi n. sp." = Melanochelys sivalensis7, Melanochelys tapani n. sp.4, Melanochelys trijuga8, Palatochelydia indet.4, "Geoclemys hamiltonii" = Geoclemys hamiltonii8, "Clemmys palaeindica n. sp." = Geoclemys hamiltonii5, "Hardella thurjii" = Hardella thurjii8, "Batagur falconeri n. sp." = Hardella thurjii5, Pangshura sp.5, "Batagur durandi n. sp." = Batagur dhongoka7, "Batagur bakeri n. sp." = Batagur kachuga7, Batagur cautleyi n. sp.5, cf. Batagur baska8
"Bellia sivalensis n. sp." = Melanochelys sivalensis7 Lydekker 1885 Indian black turtles BMNH R.1514 (cast of holotype), imperfect shell
"Bellia theobaldi n. sp." = Melanochelys sivalensis7 Lydekker 1885 Indian black turtles BMNH R.1515 (cast of holotype), imperfect shell
Melanochelys trijuga8 Schweigger 1812 Indian black turtle E-89 (shell) originally labelled as Clemmys theobaldi; E-90 (shell) originally labelled as Clemmys sivalensis; E-92 (shell) originally labelled as Clemmys punjabiensis; E-93 (shell) originally labelled as Clemmys hydaspica; K-53/222 (shell)
Palatochelydia indet.4 Joyce and Lyson 2010 turtle BMNH 39840, incomplete juvenile shell; BMNH 39838, adult shell; BMNH R.887, partial unusually large shell
"Clemmys palaeindica n. sp." = Geoclemys hamiltonii5 Gray 1831 Spotted pond turtle BMNH 39838, partial shell
"Batagur durandi n. sp." = Batagur dhongoka7 Gray 1834 Three-striped roofed turtle BMNH 39841 (holotype), adult shell
"Batagur bakeri n. sp." = Batagur kachuga7 Gray 1831 Red-crowned roofed turtle BMNH 39835a (holotype), incomplete shell; BMNH R.891, partial juvenile shell
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Gavialis gangeticus8 Gmelin 1789 Gharial E-11 (partial rostrum), originally labelled as Gharialis leptodus; BMNH-36727 (cranium fragment); E-25 (cranium fragment)
Rhamphosuchus crassidens n. sp.6 Cautley and Falconer 1840 crocodilian BMNH 39802 (holotype), piece of rostrum; BMNH 39804, middle portion of cranium; BMNH 29803, hind portion of mandibular symphysis; BMNH R. 760, quadrate and quadratojugal; BMNH 16218, partial mandibular symphysis; BMNH R. 776, cervical vertebra; BMNH R. 776a, early dorsal vertebra; BMNH R. 759, early dorsal vertebra; BMNH R. 761, early dorsal vertebra; BMNH R. 761a, early dorsal vertebra; BMNH R. 762, dorsal vertebra; BMNH R. 763, dorsal vertebra; BMNH R.763a, late dorsal or lumbar vertebra; BMNH R. 764, late dorsal or lumbar vertebra; BMNH R. 766a, left ilium; BMNH R. 766b, small left ilium; BMNH 18460, right fibula; BMNH R. 766, large scute; BMNH 17066, dorsal scute; BMNH 39817, large dorsal scute; BMNH R. 783, dorsal scute
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