Gram Formation (Miocene of Denmark)

Where: Denmark (55.3° N, 9.0° E: paleocoordinates 55.5° N, 8.0° E)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

• basin-level geographic resolution

When: Gram Formation, Tortonian (11.6 - 7.2 Ma)

• STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS: From the Gram Fm, which conformably overlies the Hodde Fm (Serravallian) and is unconformably overlain by Quaternary deposits. AGE: Tortonian. STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION: General list for formation.

• formation-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: marine; poorly lithified, micaceous, silty claystone

• SPECIFIC LITHOLOGY: Silty, dark, micaceous clay. LITHIFICATION: Poorly-lithified, on the basis of figured specimens.

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Collection methods: surface (in situ),

• COLLECTORS: Unknown. REPOSITORY: Unknown.

Primary reference: F. Roth and K. Hoedemakers. 2005. The Marine Gram Formation at Gram, Denmark: Late Miocene Geology and Palaeontology. Palaeontos 7:1-189 [A. Hendy/A. Hendy]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 98312: authorized by Austin Hendy, entered by Austin Hendy on 30.09.2010

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• COVERAGE: Exhaustive for molluscs. NOMENCLATURE: Modern nomenclature, with species-resolution identifications.
Gastropoda
 Heterobranchia - Diaphanidae
 Trochoidea - Skeneidae
 Trochoidea - Solariellidae
 Lepetellida - Pseudococculinidae
 Entomotaeniata - Cimidae
 Epitonioidea - Epitoniidae
Cirsotrema sp. Mörch 1852 wentletrap
 Vanikoroidea - Eulimidae
 Vanikoroidea - Aclididae
 Cerithioidea - Turritellidae
Turritella (Turritella) tricarinata, "Turritella (Archimediella) cochlias" = Archimediella
Turritella (Turritella) tricarinata Brocchi 1814 turret shell
"Turritella (Archimediella) cochlias" = Archimediella turret shell
 Pseudomelanoidea - Pseudomelaniidae
 Sorbeoconcha - Aporrhaidae
Aporrhais dingdenensis Marquet et al. 2002 snail
 Neogastropoda - Mitridae
"Mitra grateloupi" = Mitra (Tiara) grateloupi
"Mitra grateloupi" = Mitra (Tiara) grateloupi d'Orbigny 1852 mitre shell
 Neogastropoda - Buccinidae
Colus distinctus true whelk
Liomesus ventrosus true whelk
 Neogastropoda - Nassariidae
 Neogastropoda - Fasciolariidae
 Neogastropoda - Conidae
Oenopota kochi, "Conus (Conolithus) antediluvianus" = Conus (Conolithes)
Oenopota kochi cone shell
"Conus (Conolithus) antediluvianus" = Conus (Conolithes) cone shell
 Neogastropoda - Drilliidae
Spirotropis gramensis Janssen 1993 snail
 Neogastropoda - Borsoniidae
 Neogastropoda - Clathurellidae
 Neogastropoda - Mangeliidae
 Neogastropoda - Raphitomidae
 Neogastropoda - Horaiclavidae
 Neogastropoda - Terebridae
 Neogastropoda - Turridae
 Neogastropoda - Costellariidae
"Vexillum (Uromitra) cimbrica" = Uromitra
"Vexillum (Uromitra) cimbrica" = Uromitra ribbed mitre
 Neogastropoda - Muricidae
Spinucella reimersi, Lyrotyphis (Eotyphis) sejunctus, "Trophonopsis (Pagodula) semperi" = Pagodula, "Murex (Tubicauda) spinicosta" = Murex (Promurex) spinicosta
"Trophonopsis (Pagodula) semperi" = Pagodula murex snail
"Murex (Tubicauda) spinicosta" = Murex (Promurex) spinicosta Bronn 1831 murex snail
 Neogastropoda - Volutidae
 Neogastropoda - Cancellariidae
 Sorbeoconcha - Ficidae
Ficus (Ficus) conditus Brongniart 1823 fig shell
 Sorbeoconcha - Cassidae
Galeodea bicatenata, "Semicassis (Semicassis) miolaevigata" = Phalium (Semicassis) miolaevigata
Galeodea bicatenata Sowerby 1815 snail
"Semicassis (Semicassis) miolaevigata" = Phalium (Semicassis) miolaevigata Sacco 1890 snail
 Sorbeoconcha - Xenophoridae
Xenophora (Stellaria) testigera Bronn 1831 carrier shell
 Sorbeoconcha - Naticidae
Euspira helicina Brocchi 1814 moon snail
Naticarius koeneni moon snail
 Sorbeoconcha - Rissoidae
 Sorbeoconcha - Cerithiopsidae
 Sorbeoconcha - Triphoridae
 Sorbeoconcha - Vitrinellidae
Circulus (Circulus) hennei Glibert 1952 snail
 Heterostropha - Acteonidae
 Heterostropha - Ringiculidae
 Heterostropha - Tjaernoiidae
 Heterostropha - Pyramidellidae
 Opisthobranchia -
 Opisthobranchia - Cylichnidae
 Opisthobranchia - Retusidae
 Thecosomata - Limacinidae
Bivalvia
 Arcida - Glycymerididae
"Glycymeris (Chevronia) obovata" = Glycymeris (Glycymeris) obovata
"Glycymeris (Chevronia) obovata" = Glycymeris (Glycymeris) obovata Lamarck 1819 clam
 Arcida - Limopsidae
"Limopsis (Pectunculina) cf. anomala" = Limopsis, Limopsis (Limopsis) aurita
"Limopsis (Pectunculina) cf. anomala" = Limopsis clam
Limopsis (Limopsis) aurita Brocchi 1814 clam
 Pectinida - Anomiidae
"Pododesmus (Heteranomia) squamula" = Heteranomia squamula
"Pododesmus (Heteranomia) squamula" = Heteranomia squamula Linnaeus 1758 scallop
 Pectinida - Pectinoidae
Pseudamussium cf. lilli Pusch 1837 scallop
Pseudamussium clavatum Poli 1795 scallop
 Ostreida - Pinnidae
Atrina sp. Gray 1842 oyster
 Mytilida - Mytilidae
Mytilus sp. Linnaeus 1758 mussel
 Lucinida - Thyasiridae
 Lucinida - Lucinidae
Lucinidae indet. Fleming 1828 clam
 Poromyida - Cuspidariidae
 Thraciida - Periplomatidae
Periploma ariei Gürs 1996 clam
 Thraciida - Thraciidae
 Pholadida - Xylophagaidae
Xylophaga sp. Turton 1822 clam
 Pholadida - Teredinidae
Teredinidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 clam
 Pholadida - Corbulidae
 Cardiida - Leptonidae
"Lepton transversarium" = Lepton (Lepton) transversarium
"Lepton transversarium" = Lepton (Lepton) transversarium Cossmann 1896 clam
 Cardiida - Montacutidae
Mioerycina coarctata Wood 1840 clam
 Cardiida - Kelliellidae
 Cardiida - Glossidae
 Cardiida - Mactridae
Spisula aff. subtruncata da Costa 1778 clam
 Cardiida - Cardiidae
 Cardiida - Semelidae
Abra (Abra) cf. prismatica Montagu 1808 abra
 Hiatellida - Hiatellidae
"Hiatella (Hiatella) arctica" = Hiatella arctica
"Hiatella (Hiatella) arctica" = Hiatella arctica Linnaeus 1767 clam
 Carditida - Astartidae
 Carditida - Carditidae
 Nuculida - Nuculidae
 Nuculanida - Yoldiidae
Scaphopoda
 Gadilida - Gadilidae
 Dentaliida - Dentaliidae
Malacostraca
 Decapoda - Nephropidae
Nephrops kvistgaardae Fraaije et al. 2005 clawed lobster
Homarus cf. gammarus Linnaeus 1758 clawed lobster
 Decapoda - Munididae
Munida sp. Leach 1820 decapod
 Decapoda - Cancridae
Tasadia carniolica Bittner 1884 crab
 Decapoda - Geryonidae
Chaceon miocenicus Fraaije et al. 2005 crab
 Decapoda - Retroplumidae
Retropluma borealis Fraaije et al. 2005 crab
Echinoidea
 Spatangoida - Brissidae
Brissopsis lyrifera2 heart urchin
Chondrichthyes
 Squaliformes - Squalidae
Squalus cf. acanthias1 Linnaeus 1758 spiny dogfish
 Hexanchiformes - Hexanchidae
Hexanchus primigenus1 sixgill shark
 Rajiformes - Rajidae
Raja sp.1 Linnaeus 1758 skate
 Carcharhiniformes - Scyliorhinidae
Scyliorhinus cf. coupatezi1 Herman 1974 cat shark
 Carcharhiniformes - Galeocerdidae
Galeocerdo sp.1 Müller and Henle 1837 tiger shark
 Lamniformes - Odontaspididae
Odontaspis sp.1 Agassiz 1838 sand tiger shark
 Lamniformes - Lamnidae
Isurus sp.1 Rafinesque 1810 mackerel shark
Isurus escheri1 Agassiz 1843 mackerel shark
"Isurus hastalis" = Carcharodon hastalis1 Agassiz 1838 white shark
 Lamniformes - Cetorhinidae
Cetorhinus maximus1 Gunner 1765 basking shark
 Lamniformes - Otodontidae
"Carcharodon megalodon" = Otodus megalodon1
"Carcharodon megalodon" = Otodus megalodon1 Agassiz 1835 megalodon