PBDB Collection

Terapa (Pleistocene of Mexico)

Also known as Térapa; Río Moctezuma; Camel Bill

Where: Sonora, Mexico (29.7° N, 109.7° W: paleocoordinates 29.7° N, 109.7° W)

• coordinate stated in text

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Rancholabrean (0.3 - 0.0 Ma)

• said to be Irvingtonian by Mead et al. 2001, but Rancholabrean by Mead et al. 2006

•overlays the Tonibabi flow, dated at 0.44 +/- 0.13 (2 sigma) Ma using 40Ar-39Ar (i.e., early Rancholabrean)

•most material is from a ~2m thick bed ("As3"), but some is from beds immediately above and below

• group of beds-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: fluvial; sandstone and silty claystone

• most aquatic material from a "well-sorted medium-to-find-grained sand wedge... [that] represents a flowing stream possibly 2 to 3 m wide" within a "massive, silty-clay layer... representing over-bank flow" that is "up to 1.5 m thick" and also is somewhat fossiliferous; most terrestrial vertebrates from an overlying "organic-rich silt and clays... This paludal deposit is 1.5 to 1.8 m thick and is rich in fossils, especially microfaunal remains." Fossils also are found higher in the section in "fluvial deposits."

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Collection methods: bulk, surface (float), sieve

Primary reference: J. I. Mead, A. Baez, S. L. Swift, M. C. Carpenter, M. Hollenshead, N. J. Czaplewski, D. W. Steadman, J. Bright, and J. Arroyo-Cabrales. 2006. Tropical marsh and savanna of the late Pleistocene in northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 51(2):226-239 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]more details

Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis

PaleoDB collection 20495: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 15.05.2002, edited by Richard Hulbert, Matthew Clapham and Nicholas Famoso

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• 29*20' N 109* 43' W according to GEOnet
suspected to be between 0.5 and 1.7 Ma

Show authors, comments, and common names

unclassified
-	Potamocypris sp., Standesia meadensis, Stenocypris sp. Potamocypris sp. Standesia meadensis Stenocypris sp.
Mammalia
- Mylodontidae	Paramylodon sp. Paramylodon sp. Brown 1903 edentate
Cingulata - Pampatheriidae	Pampatherium cf. mexicanum² Pampatherium cf. mexicanum² Edmund 1996 edentate probably Holmesina sp. of Mead et al. 2001
Cingulata - Glyptodontidae	Glyptotherium cylindricum² Glyptotherium cylindricum² Brown 1912 glyptodon
Proboscidea - Elephantidae	Mammuthus sp. Mammuthus sp. Brookes 1828 mammoth
Proboscidea - Gomphotheriidae	Cuvieronius sp. Cuvieronius sp. Osborn 1923 gomphothere
Chiroptera -	Chiroptera indet. Chiroptera indet. Blumenbach 1779 bat "various families"
Rodentia - Cricetidae	Sigmodon sp., Neotoma sp., Peromyscini indet. Sigmodon sp. Say and Ord 1825 cotton rat Neotoma sp. Say and Ord 1825 pack rat Peromyscini indet. rodent "Peromyscine"
Rodentia - Hydrochoeridae	Hydrochoeridae indet.¹ Hydrochoeridae indet.¹ Gill 1872 caviomorph omitted by Mead et al. 2006
Rodentia - Caviidae	Hydrochoerus sp. Hydrochoerus sp. Brisson 1762 capybara "Hydrochaeris"
Rodentia - Geomyidae	Geomyidae indet. Geomyidae indet. Bonaparte 1845 pocket gopher
Lagomorpha - Leporidae	cf. Sylvilagus sp. cf. Sylvilagus sp. Gray 1867 cottontail rabbit leporid reported by Mead et al. 2001
Carnivora - Canidae	"Canis dirus" = Aenocyon dirus "Canis dirus" = Aenocyon dirus Leidy 1858 dire wolf
Carnivora - Procyonidae	Procyon sp., Procyon lotor⁴ Procyon sp. Storr 1780 raccoon Procyon lotor⁴ Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
Carnivora - Felidae	Smilodon cf. fatalis⁴, Lynx rufus Smilodon cf. fatalis⁴ Leidy 1868 saber-toothed cat Lynx rufus Schreber 1777 bobcat
Artiodactyla - Cervidae	cf. Odocoileus sp. cf. Odocoileus sp. Rafinesque 1832 New World deer two cervids reported by Mead et al. 2001
Artiodactyla - Antilocapridae	Stockoceros sp., Capromeryx sp. Stockoceros sp. Skinner 1942 pronghorn Capromeryx sp. Matthew 1902 pronghorn probably small antilocaprid of Mead et al. 2001
Artiodactyla - Bovidae	Bison sp. Bison sp. Hamilton-Smith 1827 bison
Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae	cf. Platygonus sp., Platygonus compressus⁴ cf. Platygonus sp. Leconte 1848 peccary Platygonus compressus⁴ Leconte 1848 peccary
Artiodactyla - Camelidae	Camelidae indet., Camelops hesternus⁴, Palaeolama mirifica⁴ Camelidae indet. Gray 1821 camel two forms, one Camelops-sized and one Hemiauchenia-sized: one camelid reported by Mead et al. 2001 Camelops hesternus⁴ Leidy 1873 camel Palaeolama mirifica⁴ Simpson 1929 stout-legged llama
Perissodactyla - Equidae	Equus sp., Equus sp.⁴, "Equus scotti" = Equus mexicanus⁴, "Equus cf. scotti" = Equus mexicanus⁴ Equus sp. Linnaeus 1758 horse Equus sp.⁴ Linnaeus 1758 horse "Equus scotti" = Equus mexicanus⁴ Hibbard 1955 horse "Equus cf. scotti" = Equus mexicanus⁴ Hibbard 1955 horse
Soricomorpha - Soricidae	Soricidae indet. Soricidae indet. Fischer 1814 shrew
Reptilia
Squamata -	Squamata indet. Squamata indet. squamates "lizards and snakes"
Testudinata -	Testudinata indet. Testudinata indet. Oppel 1811 turtle
Crocodylia - Crocodylidae	cf. Crocodylus acutus cf. Crocodylus acutus Cuvier 1807 American crocodile
Aves
Passeriformes - Icteridae	Agelaius phoeniceus³, Icterus spurius³, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus³, Quiscalus mexicanus³, Pandanaris convexa³, Euphagus cyanocephalus³, Molothrus aeneus³, Molothrus ater³ Agelaius phoeniceus³ Linnaeus 1766 red-winged blackbird Icterus spurius³ Linnaeus 1766 orchard oriole Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus³ Bonaparte 1826 yellow-headed blackbird Quiscalus mexicanus³ Gmelin 1788 great-tailed grackle Pandanaris convexa³ Miller 1947 cowbird Euphagus cyanocephalus³ Wagler 1829 Brewer's blackbird Molothrus aeneus³ Wagler 1829 bronzed cowbird Molothrus ater³ Boddaert 1783 brown-headed cowbird
Anseriformes - Anatidae	"Anas clypeata" = Spatula clypeata, Branta canadensis, Anser sp., Anabernicula cf. oregonensis⁵, Anas sp., Anas crecca⁵, Anas acuta, Aythya collaris⁵, Oxyura jamaicensis⁵, "Anas strepera" = Mareca strepera⁵ "Anas clypeata" = Spatula clypeata Linnaeus 1758 northern shoveler Branta canadensis Linnaeus 1758 Canada goose Anser sp. Linnaeus 1758 goose "snow or white-fronted goose" Anabernicula cf. oregonensis⁵ Howard 1964 dabbling duck Anas sp. Linnaeus 1758 dabbling duck 16 as Anas platyrhynchos/diazi; 7 as Anas discors/cyanoptera; 6 as Anas sp. crecca/discors/cyanoptera Anas crecca⁵ Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian teal Anas acuta Linnaeus 1758 northern pintail Aythya collaris⁵ Donovan 1809 ring-necked duck Oxyura jamaicensis⁵ Gmelin 1789 Ruddy duck "Anas strepera" = Mareca strepera⁵ Linnaeus 1758 gadwall
Strigiformes - Strigidae	"Strix brea" = Oraristrix brea "Strix brea" = Oraristrix brea Howard 1933 Brea owl
Gruiformes - Rallidae	Porzana carolina, Fulica cf. americana, Gallinula chloropus⁵, Porphyrio martinicus Porzana carolina Linnaeus 1758 sora Fulica cf. americana Gmelin 1789 American coot Gallinula chloropus⁵ Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian moorhen Porphyrio martinicus Linnaeus 1766 purple gallinule
Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae	Podilymbus podiceps⁵, Podiceps nigricollis Podilymbus podiceps⁵ Linnaeus 1758 pied-billed grebe Podiceps nigricollis Brehm 1831 black-necked grebe
Ciconiiformes - Ciconiidae	Ciconiidae indet. Ciconiidae indet. Sundevall 1836 stork
Suliformes - Phalacrocoracidae	Phalacrocorax auritus Phalacrocorax auritus Lesson 1831 double-crested cormorant
Pelecaniformes - Pelecanidae	"Pelecanus erythrorhynchus" = Pelecanus erythrorhynchos "Pelecanus erythrorhynchus" = Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin 1789 American white pelican
Pelecaniformes - Ardeidae	Ardea alba, Ardea herodias Ardea alba Linnaeus 1758 great egret Ardea herodias Linnaeus 1758 great blue heron
Pelecaniformes - Threskiornithidae	Plegadis cf. chihi⁵ Plegadis cf. chihi⁵ Vieillot 1817 white-faced ibis
Accipitriformes - Accipitridae	Circus hudsonius, Aquila chrysaetos, Ictinia sp., Buteogallus (Wetmoregyps) daggetti⁵ Circus hudsonius Linnaeus 1766 Northern harrier listed as Circus cyaneus but described as northern harrier Aquila chrysaetos Linnaeus 1758 golden eagle Ictinia sp. Vieillot 1816 kite "undescribed species" Buteogallus (Wetmoregyps) daggetti⁵ Miller 1915 black-hawks "Unknown A: eagle"
Falconiformes - Falconidae	Caracara cheriway Caracara cheriway Jacquin 1784 crested caracara
Reptilia
Galliformes - Odontophoridae	Callipepla douglasii⁵ Callipepla douglasii⁵ Vigors 1829 elegant quail
Amphibia
Salientia - Bufonidae	Bufo sp. Bufo sp. Laurenti 1768 toad
Salientia - Hylidae	Hylidae indet. Hylidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 tree frog
Salientia - Ranidae	Rana sp. Rana sp. Linnaeus 1758 frog
Actinopteri
Siluriformes - Ictaluridae	Ictaluridae indet. Ictaluridae indet. Gill 1861 catfish
Cypriniformes - Cyprinidae	Cyprinidae indet. Cyprinidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 carp-like fish
Cypriniformes - Catostomidae	Catostomidae indet. Catostomidae indet. carp-like fish
Bivalvia
Cardiida - Sphaeriidae	Sphaeriidae indet. Sphaeriidae indet. Deshayes 1855 clam
Unionida - Unionidae	Unionidae indet. Unionidae indet. Rafinesque 1820 freshwater mussel
Gastropoda
Heterostropha - Planorbidae	Planorbidae indet. Planorbidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 snail
Pulmonata -	Pulmonata indet. Pulmonata indet. Cuvier 1817 pulmonate "Plumonata"
Ostracoda
Podocopida - Darwinulidae	Darwinula sp. Darwinula sp. Brady and Robertson 1885 ostracod
Podocopida - Ilyocyprididae	Ilyocypris bradyi Ilyocypris bradyi Sars 1890 ostracod
Podocopida - Cyprididae	Physocypria sp., Cypridopsis vidua Physocypria sp. Vavra 1898 ostracod Cypridopsis vidua ostracod
Podocopida - Candonidae	Candona caudate Candona caudate ostracod

Charales - Characea	Chara sp. Chara sp. Linnaeus 1753 stonewort

¹Mead et al. 2001; ²Mead et al. 2007; ³Oswald and Steadman 2011; ⁴Short et al. 2021; ⁵Steadman and Mead 2010