PBDB Collection

Clark's Cave (Pleistocene of the United States)

Where: Bath County, Virginia (38.1° N, 79.7° W: paleocoordinates 38.1° N, 79.7° W)

• coordinate stated in text

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Late/Upper Pleistocene (0.1 - 0.0 Ma)

Environment/lithology: cave; unlithified breccia

• organic material between talus blocks

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Preservation: original aragonite, original calcite, original phosphate, original chitin, bone collector

Collection methods: bulk, surface (in situ), mechanical, sieve,

Primary reference: J. E. Guilday, P. W. Parmalee, and H. W. Hamilton. 1977. The Clark's Cave bone deposit and the Late Pleistocene paleoecology of the central Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 2:1-87 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Uhen]more details

Purpose of describing collection: paleoecologic analysis

PaleoDB collection 103991: authorized by Mark Uhen, entered by Mark Uhen on 04.02.2011

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• Hubbard and Grady added by Carrie for Bio 334

Show authors, comments, and common names

unclassified
-	Calasoma sp., Balbocerosoma sp., Columella simplex, Stenotrema hirsutum, Stenotrema fraternum, Spirodon carinata, Nocomis cf. raneyi, Noturus sp. Calasoma sp. Balbocerosoma sp. Columella simplex Stenotrema hirsutum Stenotrema fraternum Spirodon carinata Nocomis cf. raneyi Noturus sp.
Actinopteri
Anguilliformes - Anguillidae	Anguilla cf. bostoniensis Anguilla cf. bostoniensis eel
Esociformes - Esocidae	Esox cf. americanus Esox cf. americanus pike or niger
Cypriniformes - Catostomidae	Catostomidae indet., Catostomus sp. Catostomidae indet. carp-like fish Catostomus sp. carp-like fish
Cypriniformes - Cyprinidae	Cyprinidae indet. Cyprinidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 carp-like fish
Siluriformes - Ictaluridae	Ictaluridae indet. Ictaluridae indet. Gill 1861 catfish
Amphibia
Salientia - Ranidae	Rana cf. catesbiana, Rana cf. clamitans, Rana cf. palustris, Rana cf. sylvatica, Rana sp., Rana cf. pipiens Rana cf. catesbiana frog Rana cf. clamitans frog Rana cf. palustris frog Rana cf. sylvatica frog Rana sp. Linnaeus 1758 frog Rana cf. pipiens Schreber 1782 Northern leopard frog
Salientia - Bufonidae	Bufo sp. Bufo sp. Laurenti 1768 toad americanus group
Salientia - Hylidae	Hyla cf. crucifer Hyla cf. crucifer tree frog
Caudata - Urodela	Plethodontidae indet., "Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma Plethodontidae indet. Gray 1850 lungless salamander or Salamandridae "Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma Tschudi 1838 mole salamander
Mammalia
Carnivora - Ursidae	Ursus americanus Ursus americanus Pallas 1780 black bear
Carnivora - Mephitidae	Mephitis mephitis Mephitis mephitis Schreber 1776 striped skunk
Carnivora - Mustelidae	Martes americana, Mustela nivalis, Mustela erminea, "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison, "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata Martes americana Kerr 1792 American marten Mustela nivalis Linnaeus 1766 least weasel Mustela erminea Linnaeus 1758 stoat "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison Schreber 1777 mink "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata Lichtenstein 1831 long-tailed weasel or erminea
Carnivora - Procyonidae	Procyon lotor Procyon lotor Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
Carnivora - Canidae	"Canis cf. dirus" = Aenocyon dirus "Canis cf. dirus" = Aenocyon dirus Leidy 1858 dire wolf
Artiodactyla - Cervidae	cf. Odocoileus virginianus, Cervus elaphus cf. Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758 red deer
Soricomorpha - Soricidae	Sorex sp., Sorex cinereus, Sorex dispar, Microsorex hoyi, Sorex fumeus, Sorex arcticus, Sorex palustris, Blarina brevicauda Sorex sp. Linnaeus 1758 long-tailed shrew Sorex cinereus Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew Sorex dispar Batchelder 1896 long-tailed shrew Microsorex hoyi Baird 1858 American pygmy shrew Sorex fumeus Miller 1895 smoky shrew Sorex arcticus Kerr 1792 arctic shrew Sorex palustris Richardson 1828 American water shrew Blarina brevicauda Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew
Soricomorpha - Talpidae	Condylura cristata, Scalopus aquaticus, Parascalops breweri Condylura cristata Linnaeus 1758 star-nosed mole Scalopus aquaticus Linnaeus 1758 eastern mole Parascalops breweri Bachman 1842 hairly-tailed vole
Lagomorpha - Leporidae	Lepus americanus, cf. Sylvilagus transitionalis Lepus americanus Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare cf. Sylvilagus transitionalis Bangs 1895 cottontail rabbit
Rodentia - Sciuridae	Eutamias minimus, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Tamias sp., Tamias striatus, Marmota monax, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Glaucomys volans, Glaucomys sabrinus, Sciurus cf. carolinensis Eutamias minimus Bachman 1839 least chipmunk Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel Tamias sp. Illinger 1811 chipmunk or Glaucomys Tamias striatus Linnaeus 1758 eastern chipmunk Marmota monax Linnaeus 1758 groundhog Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel Glaucomys volans Linnaeus 1758 southern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus Shaw 1801 northern flying squirrel Sciurus cf. carolinensis Gmelin 1788 eastern gray squirrel
Rodentia - Erethizontidae	Erethizon dorsatum Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine
Rodentia - Zapodidae	Napaeozapus insignis, Zapus hudsonius Napaeozapus insignis Miller 1891 woodland jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius Zimmermann 1780 meadow jumping mouse
Rodentia - Cricetidae	"Synaptomys borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis, Peromyscus maniculatus, Peromyscus leucopus, Synaptomys cooperi, Neotoma floridana, Ondatra zibethicus, Clethrionomys gapperi, Phenacomys intermedius, Microtus chrotorrhinus, Microtus pinetorum, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Microtus xanthognathus "Synaptomys borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis Richardson 1828 northern bog lemming Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner 1843 deer mouse Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque 1818 white-footed mouse Synaptomys cooperi Baird 1858 southern bog lemming Neotoma floridana Ord 1818 eastern woodrat Ondatra zibethicus Linnaeus 1766 muskrat Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors 1830 southern red-backed vole Phenacomys intermedius Merriam 1889 western heather vole Microtus chrotorrhinus Miller 1894 rock vole Microtus pinetorum Le Conte 1830 woodland vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord 1815 meadow vole Microtus xanthognathus Leach 1815 taiga vole
Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae	Plecotus cf. townsendii, Pipistrellus subflavus, Myotis keenii, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis grisescens, Lasiurus borealis, Eptesicus fuscus Plecotus cf. townsendii Cooper 1837 Townsend's big-eared bat Pipistrellus subflavus Cuvier 1832 eastern pipistrelle bat Myotis keenii Merriam 1895 vesper bat Myotis lucifugus Le Conte 1831 vesper bat or sodalis Myotis grisescens Howell 1909 gray bat Lasiurus borealis Muller 1776 hairy-tailed bat Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois 1796 big brown bat
Aves
Charadriiformes - Scolopacidae	Scolopacidae indet., cf. Limosa sp., "cf. Actitis macularia" = Actitis macularius, "Capella gallinago" = Gallinago gallinago, "Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor, cf. Tringa solitaria Scolopacidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 snipe cf. Limosa sp. Brisson 1760 godwit "cf. Actitis macularia" = Actitis macularius Linnaeus 1766 spotted sandpiper "Capella gallinago" = Gallinago gallinago Linnaeus 1758 common snipe "Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor Gmelin 1789 American woodcock cf. Tringa solitaria Wilson 1813 solitary sandpiper
Charadriiformes - Charadriidae	Pluvialis dominica Pluvialis dominica Mueller 1776 American golden plover
Accipitriformes - Accipitridae	Accipitridae indet., Buteo cf. platypterus, Accipiter striatus Accipitridae indet. Viellot 1816 hawk Buteo cf. platypterus Vieillot 1823 broad-winged hawk Accipiter striatus Vieillot 1897 sharp-shinned hawk
Falconiformes - Falconidae	Falco sparverius Falco sparverius Linnaeus 1758 American kestrel
Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae	Podilymbus podiceps Podilymbus podiceps Linnaeus 1758 pied-billed grebe
Gruiformes - Rallidae	Rallidae indet., Gallinula chloropus, cf. Rallus limicola, Porzana carolina Rallidae indet. Vigors 1825 rail Gallinula chloropus Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian moorhen cf. Rallus limicola Vieillot 1819 Virginia rail Porzana carolina Linnaeus 1758 sora
Strigiformes - Strigidae	Bubo virginianus, Aegolius acadicus, "Otus asio" = Megascops asio, Asio cf. flammeus Bubo virginianus Gmelin 1788 great horned owl Aegolius acadicus Gmelin 1788 northern saw-whet owl "Otus asio" = Megascops asio Linnaeus 1758 eastern screech-owl Asio cf. flammeus Pontoppidan 1763 short-eared owl or otus
Coraciiformes - Alcedinidae	Megaceryle alcyon Megaceryle alcyon Linnaeus 1758 belted kingfisher
Piciformes - Picidae	Picidae indet., "cf. Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus, "Dendrocopos villosus" = Picoides villosus, Dryocopus pileatus, Colaptes auratus, Sphyrapicus varius Picidae indet. Vigors 1825 woodpecker "cf. Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus Linnaeus 1758 red-bellied woodpecker "Dendrocopos villosus" = Picoides villosus Linnaeus 1766 hairy woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Linnaeus 1758 pileated woodpecker Colaptes auratus Linnaeus 1758 northern flicker Sphyrapicus varius Linnaeus 1766 yellow-bellied sapsucker
Columbiformes - Columbidae	Ectopistes migratorius Ectopistes migratorius Linnaeus 1758 passenger pigeon
Cuculiformes - Cuculidae	Coccyzus sp. Coccyzus sp. Viellot 1816 cuckoo
Caprimulgiformes - Caprimulgidae	Chordeiles minor Chordeiles minor Forster 1771 common nighthawk
Caprimulgiformes - Apodidae	Chaetura pelagica Chaetura pelagica Linnaeus 1758 chimney swift
Passeriformes - Motacillidae	cf. Anthus spinoletta cf. Anthus spinoletta Linnaeus 1758 water pipit
Passeriformes - Alaudidae	Eremophila alpestris Eremophila alpestris Linnaeus 1759 horned lark
Passeriformes - Mimidae	cf. Toxostoma rufum cf. Toxostoma rufum Linnaeus 1758 brown thrasher
Passeriformes - Cardinalidae	Piranga sp. Piranga sp. Vielillot 1808 tanager
Passeriformes - Tyrannidae	Empidonax sp. Empidonax sp. Cabanis 1855 flycatcher
Passeriformes - Paridae	Parus sp., "Parus bicolor" = Baeolophus bicolor Parus sp. Linnaeus 1758 tit "Parus bicolor" = Baeolophus bicolor Linnaeus 1766 tufted titmouse
Passeriformes - Bombycillidae	Bombycilla cedrorum Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot 1808 cedar waxwing
Passeriformes - Troglodytidae	Cistothorus cf. platensis Cistothorus cf. platensis Latham 1790 sedge wren
Passeriformes - Turdidae	cf. Sialia sialis, Catharus sp., Turdus migratorius cf. Sialia sialis Linnaeus 1758 eastern bluebird Catharus sp. Bonaparte 1850 thrush Turdus migratorius Linnaeus 1758 American robin
Passeriformes - Icteridae	cf. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, cf. Icterus spurius, Agelaius phoeniceus, cf. Sturnella sp. cf. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Linnaeus 1758 bobolink cf. Icterus spurius Linnaeus 1766 orchard oriole Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus 1766 red-winged blackbird cf. Sturnella sp. Vieillot 1816 meadowlark
Passeriformes - Sittidae	Sitta cf. canadensis Sitta cf. canadensis Linnaeus 1766 red-breasted nuthatch
Passeriformes - Certhiidae	Certhia familiaris Certhia familiaris Linnaeus 1758 perching bird
Passeriformes - Parulidae	Parulidae indet., Seiurus sp., "cf. Dendroica coronata" = Setophaga coronata Parulidae indet. Wetmore et al. 1947 perching bird Seiurus sp. Swainson 1827 ovenbird "cf. Dendroica coronata" = Setophaga coronata Linnaeus 1766 yellow-rumped warbler
Passeriformes - Passerellidae	Junco hyemalis, Pooecetes gramineus Junco hyemalis Linnaeus 1758 dark-eyed junco Pooecetes gramineus Gmelin 1789 vesper sparrow
Passeriformes - Corvidae	cf. Cyanocitta cristata, Perisoreus canadensis, Corvus brachyrhynchos cf. Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus 1758 blue jay Perisoreus canadensis Linnaeus 1766 Canada jay Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm 1822 American crow
Passeriformes - Fringillidae	Fringillidae indet., cf. Pinicola enucleator, Loxia sp. Fringillidae indet. Vigors 1825 finch cf. Pinicola enucleator Linnaeus 1758 pine grosbeak Loxia sp. Linnaeus 1758 crossbill
Passeriformes - Hirundinidae	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot 1816 cliff swallow
Anseriformes - Anatidae	Anatidae indet., Mergus sp., Lophodytes cucullatus, Anas cf. platyrhynchos, cf. Anas crecca, "cf. Anas discors" = Spatula discors Anatidae indet. Vigors 1825 waterfowl Mergus sp. Linnaeus 1758 merganser Lophodytes cucullatus Linnaeus 1758 hooded merganser Anas cf. platyrhynchos Linnaeus 1758 mallard or rubripes cf. Anas crecca Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian teal "cf. Anas discors" = Spatula discors Linnaeus 1766 blue-winged teal
Pelecaniformes - Ardeidae	Botaurus lentiginosus Botaurus lentiginosus Rackett 1813 American bittern
Reptilia
Galliformes - Phasianidae	"cf. Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus, "Lagopus cf. mutus" = Lagopus muta, "cf. Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis, Meleagris gallopavo, Bonasa umbellus "cf. Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus Linnaeus 1758 sharp-tailed grouse "Lagopus cf. mutus" = Lagopus muta Montin 1781 rock ptarmigan "cf. Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis Linnaeus 1758 spruce grouse Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus 1758 wild turkey Bonasa umbellus Linnaeus 1766 ruffed grouse
Galliformes - Galloidae	Tetraonidae indet. Tetraonidae indet. Linnaeus 1758 grouse
Galliformes - Odontophoridae	Colinus virginianus Colinus virginianus Linnaeus 1758 northern bobwhite
Squamata - Crotalidae	Crotalidae indet. Crotalidae indet. Oppel 1811 pit viper
Squamata - Colubridae	Colubridae indet. Colubridae indet. Oppel 1811 colubrid snake
Squamata - Scincidae	Eumeces cf. laticeps Eumeces cf. laticeps Schneider 1801 Broadhead skink
Squamata - Iguanidae	Sceloporus cf. undulatus Sceloporus cf. undulatus Bosc 1802 eastern fence lizard
Testudines - Testudinidae	cf. Testudinidae indet. cf. Testudinidae indet. Batsch 1788 turtle
Insecta
Hymenoptera - Vespidae	Vespidae indet. Vespidae indet. Latreille 1802 wasp
Dicondylia -	Coleoptera indet. Coleoptera indet. Linnaeus 1758 beetle
Coleoptera - Carabidae	Carabidae indet., Galerita cf. bicolor, Dicaelus sp. Carabidae indet. Latreille 1802 ground beetle Galerita cf. bicolor Drury 1770 ground beetle Dicaelus sp. Bonelli 1813 ground beetle
Coleoptera - Scarabaeidae	Onthophagus sp., Onthophagus cf. janus, Canthon sp. Onthophagus sp. Latreille 1802 scarab beetle Onthophagus cf. janus Panzer 1794 scarab beetle Canthon sp. Hoffmannsegg 1817 scarab beetle
Coleoptera - Trogidae	Trox sp. Trox sp. Fabricius 1775 hide beetle
Coleoptera - Elateridae	Elateridae indet. Elateridae indet. Leach 1815 click beetle
Hemiptera - Membracidae	Membracidae indet. Membracidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 treehopper
Diptera - Calliphoridae	Calliphoridae indet. Calliphoridae indet. Brauer and von Bergenstamm 1889 blow fly Sarcophagidae indet.
Malacostraca
Decapoda - Astacidae	Cambarus cf. bartonii, Cambarus cf. longulus Cambarus cf. bartonii freshwater crayfish Cambarus cf. longulus freshwater crayfish
Bivalvia
Cardiida - Sphaeriidae	Pisidium dubium, Sphaerium striatinum Pisidium dubium pea clam Sphaerium striatinum fingernail clam
Gastropoda
-	Gastropoda contracta Gastropoda contracta snail
Pulmonata - Discidae	Anguispira alternata, Discus catskillensis Anguispira alternata pulmonate Discus catskillensis disk snail
Stylommatophora - Polygyridae	Triodopsis burchi, Triodopsis vulgata, Triodopsis juxtidens Triodopsis burchi slug Triodopsis vulgata slug Triodopsis juxtidens slug
Stylommatophora - Valloniidae	Vallonia costata Vallonia costata slug
Stylommatophora - Strobilopsidae	Strobilops labyrinthica Strobilops labyrinthica slug
Stylommatophora - Gastrocoptidae	Gastrocopta armifera Gastrocopta armifera slug
Stylommatophora - Vertiginidae	Vertigo tridentata, Vertigo gouldi Vertigo tridentata slug Vertigo gouldi slug
Stylommatophora - Helicodiscidae	Helicodiscus parallelus, Helicodiscus inermis, Helicodiscus jacksoni Helicodiscus parallelus slug Helicodiscus inermis slug Helicodiscus jacksoni slug
Cycloneritida - Helicinidae	Hendersonia occulta Hendersonia occulta snail

Coniferales - Cupressaceae	Thuja occidentalis Thuja occidentalis Linnaeus 1753 cypress
Pinopsida
Pinales - Pinaceae	Tsuga cf. canadensis Tsuga cf. canadensis
Angiospermae
Fagales - Juglandaceae	Carya sp. Carya sp. Nuttall 1818 hickory
Fagales - Fagaceae	Quercus sp. Quercus sp. Linnaeus 1753 oak
Rosales - Ulmaceae	Celtis occidentalis Celtis occidentalis hackberry
Vitales - Vitaceae	Vitis sp. Vitis sp. Linnaeus 1753 grapevine
Cornales - Nyssaceae	Nyssa sylavtica Nyssa sylavtica tupelo
Phytolacca
-	Phytolacca decandra Phytolacca decandra pokeweed
Moxostoma
-	Moxostoma sp. Moxostoma sp. Rafinesque 1820