Where: Bath County, Virginia (38.1° N, 79.7° W: paleocoordinates 38.1° N, 79.7° W)
• coordinate stated in text
• local area-level geographic resolution
When: Late/Upper Pleistocene (0.1 - 0.0 Ma)
Environment/lithology: cave; unlithified breccia
Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils
Preservation: original aragonite, original calcite, original phosphate, original chitin, bone collector
Collection methods: bulk, surface (in situ), mechanical, sieve,
Primary reference: J. E. Guilday, P. W. Parmalee, and H. W. Hamilton. 1977. The Clark's Cave bone deposit and the Late Pleistocene paleoecology of the central Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 2:1-87 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Uhen]more details
Purpose of describing collection: paleoecologic analysis
PaleoDB collection 103991: authorized by Mark Uhen, entered by Mark Uhen on 04.02.2011
Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)
Taxonomic list
unclassified | |
Thuja occidentalis Linnaeus 1753 cypress | |
Pinopsida | |
Angiospermae | |
Celtis occidentalis hackberry | |
Carya sp. Nuttall 1818 hickory | |
Quercus sp. Linnaeus 1753 oak | |
Vitis sp. Linnaeus 1753 grapevine | |
Nyssa sylavtica tupelo | |
Phytolacca | |
Phytolacca decandra pokeweed | |
Actinopteri | |
Catostomidae indet. carp-like fish
Catostomus sp. carp-like fish | |
Cyprinidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 carp-like fish | |
Ictaluridae indet. Gill 1861 catfish | |
| |
Amphibia | |
Hyla cf. crucifer tree frog | |
Rana cf. catesbiana, Rana cf. clamitans, Rana cf. palustris, Rana cf. sylvatica, Rana sp., Rana cf. pipiens
Rana cf. catesbiana frog
Rana cf. clamitans frog
Rana cf. palustris frog
Rana cf. sylvatica frog
Rana sp. Linnaeus 1758 frog
Rana cf. pipiens Schreber 1782 Northern leopard frog | |
| |
"Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma, Plethodontidae indet.
"Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma Tschudi 1838 mole salamander | |
Reptilia | |
cf. Testudinidae indet. Batsch 1788 turtle | |
Eumeces cf. laticeps Schneider 1801 Broadhead skink | |
Sceloporus cf. undulatus Bosc 1802 eastern fence lizard | |
Colubridae indet. Oppel 1811 colubrid snake | |
Crotalidae indet. Oppel 1811 pit viper | |
Colinus virginianus Linnaeus 1758 northern bobwhite | |
"cf. Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis, "cf. Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus, "Lagopus cf. mutus" = Lagopus muta, Meleagris gallopavo, Bonasa umbellus
"cf. Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis Linnaeus 1758 spruce grouse
"cf. Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus Linnaeus 1758 sharp-tailed grouse
"Lagopus cf. mutus" = Lagopus muta Montin 1781 rock ptarmigan
Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus 1758 wild turkey
Bonasa umbellus Linnaeus 1766 ruffed grouse | |
Tetraonidae indet. Linnaeus 1758 grouse | |
Aves | |
Scolopacidae indet., "Capella gallinago" = Gallinago gallinago, "Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor, "cf. Actitis macularia" = Actitis macularius, cf. Tringa solitaria, cf. Limosa sp.
Scolopacidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 snipe
"Capella gallinago" = Gallinago gallinago Linnaeus 1758 common snipe
"Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor Gmelin 1789 American woodcock
"cf. Actitis macularia" = Actitis macularius Linnaeus 1766 spotted sandpiper
cf. Tringa solitaria Wilson 1813 solitary sandpiper
cf. Limosa sp. Brisson 1760 godwit | |
Pluvialis dominica Mueller 1776 American golden plover | |
Falco sparverius Linnaeus 1758 American kestrel | |
Botaurus lentiginosus Rackett 1813 American bittern | |
Rallidae indet. Vigors 1825 rail
cf. Rallus limicola Vieillot 1819 Virginia rail
Porzana carolina Linnaeus 1758 sora
Gallinula chloropus Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian moorhen | |
Aegolius acadicus Gmelin 1788 northern saw-whet owl
"Otus asio" = Megascops asio Linnaeus 1758 eastern screech-owl
Bubo virginianus Gmelin 1788 great horned owl | |
Picidae indet., Dryocopus pileatus, Colaptes auratus, Sphyrapicus varius, "Dendrocopos villosus" = Picoides villosus, "cf. Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus
Picidae indet. Vigors 1825 woodpecker
Dryocopus pileatus Linnaeus 1758 pileated woodpecker
Colaptes auratus Linnaeus 1758 northern flicker
Sphyrapicus varius Linnaeus 1766 yellow-bellied sapsucker
"Dendrocopos villosus" = Picoides villosus Linnaeus 1766 hairy woodpecker
"cf. Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus Linnaeus 1758 red-bellied woodpecker | |
Megaceryle alcyon Linnaeus 1758 belted kingfisher | |
Ectopistes migratorius Linnaeus 1758 passenger pigeon | |
Coccyzus sp. Viellot 1816 cuckoo | |
Podilymbus podiceps Linnaeus 1758 pied-billed grebe | |
Chaetura pelagica Linnaeus 1758 chimney swift | |
Chordeiles minor Forster 1771 common nighthawk | |
Anatidae indet., Lophodytes cucullatus, Mergus sp., cf. Anas crecca, Anas cf. platyrhynchos, "cf. Anas discors" = Spatula discors
Anatidae indet. Vigors 1825 waterfowl
Lophodytes cucullatus Linnaeus 1758 hooded merganser
Mergus sp. Linnaeus 1758 merganser
cf. Anas crecca Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian teal
"cf. Anas discors" = Spatula discors Linnaeus 1766 blue-winged teal | |
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot 1816 cliff swallow | |
Certhia familiaris Linnaeus 1758 perching bird | |
Empidonax sp. Cabanis 1855 flycatcher | |
Fringillidae indet. Vigors 1825 finch
Loxia sp. Linnaeus 1758 crossbill
cf. Pinicola enucleator Linnaeus 1758 pine grosbeak | |
Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus 1766 red-winged blackbird
cf. Icterus spurius Linnaeus 1766 orchard oriole
cf. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Linnaeus 1758 bobolink
cf. Sturnella sp. Vieillot 1816 meadowlark | |
Parulidae indet. Wetmore et al. 1947 perching bird
Seiurus sp. Swainson 1827 ovenbird
"cf. Dendroica coronata" = Setophaga coronata Linnaeus 1766 yellow-rumped warbler | |
cf. Toxostoma rufum Linnaeus 1758 brown thrasher | |
Parus sp., "Parus bicolor" = Baeolophus bicolor
Parus sp. Linnaeus 1758 tit
"Parus bicolor" = Baeolophus bicolor Linnaeus 1766 tufted titmouse | |
Eremophila alpestris Linnaeus 1759 horned lark | |
cf. Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus 1758 blue jay
Perisoreus canadensis Linnaeus 1766 Canada jay
Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm 1822 American crow | |
Piranga sp. Vielillot 1808 tanager | |
Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot 1808 cedar waxwing | |
Turdus migratorius Linnaeus 1758 American robin
cf. Sialia sialis Linnaeus 1758 eastern bluebird
Catharus sp. Bonaparte 1850 thrush | |
Junco hyemalis Linnaeus 1758 dark-eyed junco
Pooecetes gramineus Gmelin 1789 vesper sparrow | |
Cistothorus cf. platensis Latham 1790 sedge wren | |
Sitta cf. canadensis Linnaeus 1766 red-breasted nuthatch | |
cf. Anthus spinoletta Linnaeus 1758 water pipit | |
Accipitridae indet. Viellot 1816 hawk
Buteo cf. platypterus Vieillot 1823 broad-winged hawk
Accipiter striatus Vieillot 1897 sharp-shinned hawk | |
Mammalia | |
Pipistrellus subflavus, Lasiurus borealis, Plecotus cf. townsendii, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis grisescens, Myotis keenii, Eptesicus fuscus
Pipistrellus subflavus Cuvier 1832 eastern pipistrelle bat
Lasiurus borealis Muller 1776 hairy-tailed bat
Plecotus cf. townsendii Cooper 1837 Townsend's big-eared bat
Myotis grisescens Howell 1909 gray bat
Myotis keenii Merriam 1895 vesper bat
Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois 1796 big brown bat | |
Lepus americanus Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare
cf. Sylvilagus transitionalis Bangs 1895 cottontail rabbit | |
Synaptomys cooperi, Peromyscus maniculatus, Peromyscus leucopus, "Synaptomys borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis, Microtus xanthognathus, Microtus pinetorum, Microtus chrotorrhinus, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Ondatra zibethicus, Clethrionomys gapperi, Phenacomys intermedius, Neotoma floridana
Synaptomys cooperi Baird 1858 southern bog lemming
Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner 1843 deer mouse
Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque 1818 white-footed mouse
"Synaptomys borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis Richardson 1828 northern bog lemming
Microtus xanthognathus Leach 1815 taiga vole
Microtus pinetorum Le Conte 1830 woodland vole
Microtus chrotorrhinus Miller 1894 rock vole
Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord 1815 meadow vole
Ondatra zibethicus Linnaeus 1766 muskrat
Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors 1830 southern red-backed vole
Phenacomys intermedius Merriam 1889 western heather vole
Neotoma floridana Ord 1818 eastern woodrat | |
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Tamias sp., Tamias striatus, Eutamias minimus, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Marmota monax, Sciurus cf. carolinensis, Glaucomys sabrinus, Glaucomys volans
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel
Tamias striatus Linnaeus 1758 eastern chipmunk
Eutamias minimus Bachman 1839 least chipmunk
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel
Marmota monax Linnaeus 1758 groundhog
Sciurus cf. carolinensis Gmelin 1788 eastern gray squirrel
Glaucomys sabrinus Shaw 1801 northern flying squirrel
Glaucomys volans Linnaeus 1758 southern flying squirrel | |
Zapus hudsonius Zimmermann 1780 meadow jumping mouse
Napaeozapus insignis Miller 1891 woodland jumping mouse | |
Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine | |
Ursus americanus Pallas 1780 black bear | |
Procyon lotor Linnaeus 1758 raccoon | |
"Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata, "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison, Mustela erminea, Mustela nivalis, Martes americana
"Mustela vison" = Neogale vison Schreber 1777 mink
Mustela erminea Linnaeus 1758 stoat
Mustela nivalis Linnaeus 1766 least weasel
Martes americana Kerr 1792 American marten | |
Mephitis mephitis Schreber 1776 striped skunk | |
"Canis cf. dirus" = Aenocyon dirus
"Canis cf. dirus" = Aenocyon dirus Leidy 1858 dire wolf | |
Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758 red deer
cf. Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer | |
Scalopus aquaticus Linnaeus 1758 eastern mole
Condylura cristata Linnaeus 1758 star-nosed mole
Parascalops breweri Bachman 1842 hairly-tailed vole | |
Blarina brevicauda, Sorex sp., Sorex fumeus, Sorex arcticus, Sorex dispar, Sorex palustris, Sorex cinereus, Microsorex hoyi
Blarina brevicauda Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew
Sorex sp. Linnaeus 1758 long-tailed shrew
Sorex fumeus Miller 1895 smoky shrew
Sorex arcticus Kerr 1792 arctic shrew
Sorex dispar Batchelder 1896 long-tailed shrew
Sorex palustris Richardson 1828 American water shrew
Sorex cinereus Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew
Microsorex hoyi Baird 1858 American pygmy shrew | |
Bivalvia | |
Pisidium dubium pea clam
Sphaerium striatinum fingernail clam | |
Gastropoda | |
Gastropoda contracta snail | |
Gastrocopta armifera slug | |
Vallonia costata slug | |
Vertigo tridentata slug
Vertigo gouldi slug | |
Hendersonia occulta snail | |
Discus catskillensis disk snail
Anguispira alternata pulmonate | |
Malacostraca | |
Cambarus cf. bartonii freshwater crayfish
Cambarus cf. longulus freshwater crayfish | |
Insecta | |
Membracidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 treehopper | |
Vespidae indet. Latreille 1802 wasp | |
Coleoptera indet. Linnaeus 1758 beetle | |
Carabidae indet. Latreille 1802 ground beetle
Galerita cf. bicolor Drury 1770 ground beetle
Dicaelus sp. Bonelli 1813 ground beetle | |
Onthophagus sp. Latreille 1802 scarab beetle
Onthophagus cf. janus Panzer 1794 scarab beetle
Canthon sp. Hoffmannsegg 1817 scarab beetle | |
Trox sp. Fabricius 1775 hide beetle | |
Elateridae indet. Leach 1815 click beetle | |
| |
Moxostoma | |
Moxostoma sp. Rafinesque 1820 |