PBDB Collection

Cumberland Cave (Pleistocene of the United States)

Also known as Cumberland Bone Cave

Where: Allegany County, Maryland (39.6° N, 78.7° W: paleocoordinates 39.6° N, 78.5° W)

• coordinate based on political unit

When: Irvingtonian (1.8 - 0.3 Ma)

• Withnell et al. 2020: combined US-ESR dates, paleomagnetics, and data from the Ondatra chronocline provide independent evidence that the fauna from Cumberland Bone Cave is between 660– 830 ka with a most likely age of 756 +87/-98 ka (Fig. 4).

Environment/lithology: cave; lithology not reported

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Primary reference: J. W. Gidley. 1913. Preliminary report on a recently discovered Pleistocene cave deposit near Cumberland, Maryland. Proceedings of The United States National Museum 46:93-102 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap/M. Shalap]more details

Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis

PaleoDB collection 20302: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 18.02.1993, edited by Mark Uhen and Margaret Shalap

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• updates Gidley and Gazin 1938

Show authors, comments, and common names

unclassified
-	Pseudotrition ruber¹³ Pseudotrition ruber¹³
Amphibia
Caudata - Urodela	"Ambystoma maculatum" = Amblystoma maculatum¹³, Ambystoma tigrinum¹³, Ambystoma opacum¹³, Gyrinophilus cf. porphyriticus¹³, Plethodon gultinosus¹³, Cryptobranchus guildayi n. sp.¹³, Notophthalmus cf. viridescens¹³ "Ambystoma maculatum" = Amblystoma maculatum¹³ Shaw 1802 Spotted salamander Ambystoma tigrinum¹³ Green 1825 tiger salamander Ambystoma opacum¹³ Gravenhorst 1807 Marbled salamander Gyrinophilus cf. porphyriticus¹³ Green 1827 lungless salamander Plethodon gultinosus¹³ woodland salamander Cryptobranchus guildayi n. sp.¹³ Holman 1977 hellbender Notophthalmus cf. viridescens¹³ Rafinesque 1820 Eastern newt
Salientia - Bufonidae	Bufo woodhousei¹³, Bufo americanus¹³ Bufo woodhousei¹³ Girard 1854 Woodhouse's toad Bufo americanus¹³ Holbrook 1836 American toad
Salientia - Hylidae	Hyla crucifer¹³, Pseudacris triseriata¹³ Hyla crucifer¹³ tree frog Pseudacris triseriata¹³ Wied 1838 western chorus frog
Salientia - Ranidae	Rana sylvatica¹³, Rana clamitans¹³, Rana pipiens¹³ Rana sylvatica¹³ frog Rana clamitans¹³ frog Rana pipiens¹³ Schreber 1782 Northern leopard frog
Mammalia
Proboscidea - Mammutidae	Mammut americanum¹⁷ Mammut americanum¹⁷ Kerr 1792 American mastodon
Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus cf. fuscus¹, Pipistrellus sp.¹¹, Vespertilio grandis, Vespertilio sp., Myotis sp.¹², Myotis cf. grisescens¹², "Corynorhinus alleganiensis n. sp." = Plecotus alleganiensis⁷, "Plecotus alleganiensis" = Plecotus alleganiensis⁸ Eptesicus cf. fuscus¹ Beauvois 1796 big brown bat Pipistrellus sp.¹¹ Kaup 1829 pipistrelle bat Vespertilio grandis vesper bat Vespertilio sp. Linnaeus 1758 vesper bat Myotis sp.¹² Kaup 1829 vesper bat Myotis cf. grisescens¹² Howell 1909 gray bat "Corynorhinus alleganiensis n. sp." = Plecotus alleganiensis⁷ Gidley and Gazin 1933 vesper bat "Plecotus alleganiensis" = Plecotus alleganiensis⁸ Gidley and Gazin 1933 vesper bat
Megatherioidea - Megalonychidae	Megalonyx sp.⁹ Megalonyx sp.⁹ Harlan 1825 edentate
Lagomorpha - Ochotonidae	Ochotona sp.¹⁰, Ochotona cf. princeps Ochotona sp.¹⁰ Link 1795 pika Ochotona cf. princeps Richardson 1828 American pika
Lagomorpha - Leporidae	Lepus sp., Lepus americanus¹⁷, Lepus ? americanus Lepus sp. Linnaeus 1758 hare Lepus americanus¹⁷ Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare Lepus ? americanus Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare
Rodentia - Zapodidae	Napaeozapus sp.¹⁰, Napaeozapus insignis¹⁷ Napaeozapus sp.¹⁰ Miller 1900 jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis¹⁷ Miller 1891 woodland jumping mouse
Rodentia - Erethizontidae	Erethizon sp., Erethizon dorsatum⁴ Erethizon sp. Cuvier 1822 North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum⁴ Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine
Rodentia - Cricetidae	Ondatra annectens⁹, "Clethrionomys sp." = Myodes¹¹, Clethrionomys cf. gapperi⁹, Lasiopodomys deceitensis¹⁹, Phenacomys sp.⁹, Microtus sp., Microtus cf. chrotorrhinus, "Allophaiomys guildayi" = Microtus guildayi¹⁶, "Microtus cf. involutus" = Microtus guildayi⁷, Pitymys cumberlandensis¹⁶, Synaptomys sp., Synaptomys cooperi⁸, Atopomys texensis¹, Neotoma sp., "Parahodomys spelaeus n. gen. n. sp." = Neotoma spelaea⁷, "Neotoma spelaea" = Neotoma spelaea⁸, "Neotoma magister" = Neotoma floridana⁸, Peromyscus cumberlandensis⁹, Peromyscus cf. leucopus¹¹, "Synaptomys (Myctomys) cf. borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis, "Mictomys borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis³, Neofiber sp.⁹ Ondatra annectens⁹ Brown 1908 muskrat "Clethrionomys sp." = Myodes¹¹ Pallas 1811 vole Clethrionomys cf. gapperi⁹ Vigors 1830 southern red-backed vole omitted by Repenning 1992 but repeated by Guilday 1979 Lasiopodomys deceitensis¹⁹ Guthrie and Matthews 1971 vole Phenacomys sp.⁹ Merriam 1889 vole omitted by Repenning 1992 but repeated by Guilday 1979 Microtus sp. Schrank 1798 vole Microtus cf. chrotorrhinus Miller 1894 rock vole "Allophaiomys guildayi" = Microtus guildayi¹⁶ van der Meulen 1978 vole "Microtus cf. involutus" = Microtus guildayi⁷ van der Meulen 1978 vole Pitymys cumberlandensis¹⁶ van der Meulen 1978 vole Synaptomys sp. Baird 1858 rodent Synaptomys cooperi⁸ Baird 1858 southern bog lemming confirmed by Repenning 1992; not clear what "S. borealis" and "Dicrostonyx hudsonius" of Guilday are Atopomys texensis¹ Patton 1965 rodent Neotoma sp. Say and Ord 1825 pack rat "Parahodomys spelaeus n. gen. n. sp." = Neotoma spelaea⁷ Gidley and Gazin 1933 pack rat "Neotoma spelaea" = Neotoma spelaea⁸ Gidley and Gazin 1933 pack rat "Neotoma magister" = Neotoma floridana⁸ Ord 1818 eastern woodrat Peromyscus cumberlandensis⁹ Guilday and Handley 1967 deer mouse Peromyscus cf. leucopus¹¹ Rafinesque 1818 white-footed mouse "Synaptomys (Myctomys) cf. borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis Richardson 1828 northern bog lemming "Mictomys borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis³ Richardson 1828 northern bog lemming Neofiber sp.⁹ True 1884 rodent
Rodentia - Sciuridae	Sciuropterus cf. alpinus, Glaucomys sp.⁷, Glaucomys volans⁹, Tamias striatus⁹, Marmota monax⁹, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus⁹, "Citellus cf. tridecemlineatus" = Spermophilus⁷, "Sciurus hudsonicus" = Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, "Tamiasciurus hudsonicus" = Tamiasciurus hudsonicus⁸, "Sciurus tenuidens" = Tamiasciurus hudsonicus⁷, Petauristodon sp. Sciuropterus cf. alpinus squirrel Glaucomys sp.⁷ Thomas 1908 flying squirrel Glaucomys volans⁹ Linnaeus 1758 southern flying squirrel Tamias striatus⁹ Linnaeus 1758 eastern chipmunk Marmota monax⁹ Linnaeus 1758 groundhog Spermophilus tridecemlineatus⁹ Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel "Citellus cf. tridecemlineatus" = Spermophilus⁷ ground squirrel "Sciurus hudsonicus" = Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel "Tamiasciurus hudsonicus" = Tamiasciurus hudsonicus⁸ Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel "Sciurus tenuidens" = Tamiasciurus hudsonicus⁷ Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel Petauristodon sp. Engesser 1979 squirrel
Rodentia - Geomyidae	"Thomomys potomacensis" = Thomomys potomacensis⁹, "Plesiothomomys potomacensis n. gen. n. sp." = Thomomys potomacensis⁷ "Thomomys potomacensis" = Thomomys potomacensis⁹ Gidley and Gazin 1933 pocket gopher "Plesiothomomys potomacensis n. gen. n. sp." = Thomomys potomacensis⁷ Gidley and Gazin 1933 pocket gopher
Rodentia - Castoridae	Dipoides sp.¹⁵, Castor canadensis⁹ Dipoides sp.¹⁵ Jaeger 1835 beaver Castor canadensis⁹ Kuhl 1820 American beaver
Soricomorpha - Soricidae	Blarina carolinensis¹⁴, Blarina brevicauda⁹, Sorex sp.⁷, Sorex cinereus⁹, Sorex fumeus⁹ Blarina carolinensis¹⁴ Bachman 1837 southern short-tailed shrew contra Graham and Semken 1976, "B. kirtlandi" is not present Blarina brevicauda⁹ Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew Sorex sp.⁷ Linnaeus 1758 long-tailed shrew Sorex cinereus⁹ Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew Sorex fumeus⁹ Miller 1895 smoky shrew
Soricomorpha - Talpidae	Condylura sp.¹¹, Condylura cristata⁹, Parascalops sp.¹¹, Parascalops breweri⁹ Condylura sp.¹¹ Illinger 1811 star-nosed mole Condylura cristata⁹ Linnaeus 1758 star-nosed mole Parascalops sp.¹¹ True 1894 mole Parascalops breweri⁹ Bachman 1842 hairly-tailed vole
Perissodactyla - Equidae	Equus sp.⁸ Equus sp.⁸ Linnaeus 1758 horse
Perissodactyla - Tapiridae	Tapirus sp.⁹, "Tapirus cf. haysii" = Tapirus (Helicotapirus) haysii Tapirus sp.⁹ Brisson 1762 tapir "Tapirus cf. haysii" = Tapirus (Helicotapirus) haysii Leidy 1860 tapir
Artiodactyla - Bovidae	Euceratherium americanum¹⁷, Euceratherium collinum¹ Euceratherium americanum¹⁷ Gidley 1913 shrub-ox Euceratherium collinum¹ Furlong and Sinclair 1904 shrub ox
Artiodactyla - Cervidae	Odocoileus cf. virginianus⁸, Cervus sp.⁸ Odocoileus cf. virginianus⁸ Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer Cervus sp.⁸ Linnaeus 1758 deer
Artiodactyla - Suidae	Suidae indet. Suidae indet. Gray 1821 pig
Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae	Tayassuidae indet., Mylohyus sp., "Mylohyus fossilis" = Mylohyus fossilis¹, "Mylohyus pennsylvanicus" = Mylohyus fossilis¹⁷, "Mylohyus exortivus n. sp." = Mylohyus fossilis⁶, Platygonus sp., "Platygonus vetus" = Platygonus vetus¹⁷, "Platygonus cumberlandensis n. sp." = Platygonus vetus⁶, "Platygonus intermedius n. sp." = Platygonus vetus⁶ Tayassuidae indet. Palmer 1897 peccary Mylohyus sp. Cope 1869 peccary "Mylohyus fossilis" = Mylohyus fossilis¹ Leidy 1860 peccary "Mylohyus pennsylvanicus" = Mylohyus fossilis¹⁷ Leidy 1860 peccary "Mylohyus exortivus n. sp." = Mylohyus fossilis⁶ Leidy 1860 peccary Platygonus sp. Leconte 1848 peccary "Platygonus vetus" = Platygonus vetus¹⁷ Leidy 1882 peccary "Platygonus cumberlandensis n. sp." = Platygonus vetus⁶ Leidy 1882 peccary "Platygonus intermedius n. sp." = Platygonus vetus⁶ Leidy 1882 peccary
Carnivora - Mustelidae	Taxidea taxus⁹, "Taxidea marylandica" = Taxidea taxus marylandica¹⁷, "Taxidea marylandica n. sp." = Taxidea taxus marylandica⁷, "Mustela cf. vison" = Neogale vison⁸, Lontra canadensis⁸, "Martes diluviana" = Pekania diluviana⁸, "Martes parapennanti n. sp." = Pekania diluviana⁷, "Gulo gulo" = Gulo gulo¹, "Gulo gidleyi" = Gulo gulo¹⁷ Taxidea taxus⁹ Schreber 1778 American badger "Taxidea marylandica" = Taxidea taxus marylandica¹⁷ Gidley and Gazin 1933 American badger "Taxidea marylandica n. sp." = Taxidea taxus marylandica⁷ Gidley and Gazin 1933 American badger "Mustela cf. vison" = Neogale vison⁸ Schreber 1777 mink Lontra canadensis⁸ Schreber 1776 North American river otter "Martes diluviana" = Pekania diluviana⁸ Cope 1889 mustelid carnivore "Martes parapennanti n. sp." = Pekania diluviana⁷ Cope 1889 mustelid carnivore "Gulo gulo" = Gulo gulo¹ Linnaeus 1758 wolverine "Gulo gidleyi" = Gulo gulo¹⁷ Linnaeus 1758 wolverine
Carnivora - Mephitidae	"Spilogale putorius" = Spilogale putorius⁹, "Spilogale marylandensis" = Spilogale putorius¹⁷, "Spilogale marylandensis n. sp." = Spilogale putorius⁷, Mephitis mephitis⁹, Brachyprotoma obtusata¹ "Spilogale putorius" = Spilogale putorius⁹ Linnaeus 1758 eastern spotted skunk includes type of "S. marylandensis" of Gidley and Gazin 1933 "Spilogale marylandensis" = Spilogale putorius¹⁷ Linnaeus 1758 eastern spotted skunk "Spilogale marylandensis n. sp." = Spilogale putorius⁷ Linnaeus 1758 eastern spotted skunk Mephitis mephitis⁹ Schreber 1776 striped skunk Brachyprotoma obtusata¹ Cope 1899 short-faced skunk
Carnivora - Ursidae	"Arctodus pristinus" = Arctodus pristinus⁹, "Arctodus haplodon" = Arctodus pristinus¹⁷, Tremarctos floridanus⁹, "Ursus (Euarctos) cf. americanus" = Ursus americanus, "Ursus americanus" = Ursus americanus⁵, "Ursus americanus" = Ursus americanus¹, "Euarctos vitabilis" = Ursus americanus⁷ "Arctodus pristinus" = Arctodus pristinus⁹ Leidy 1854 bear "Arctodus haplodon" = Arctodus pristinus¹⁷ Leidy 1854 bear Tremarctos floridanus⁹ Gidley 1928 Florida cave bear "Ursus (Euarctos) cf. americanus" = Ursus americanus Pallas 1780 black bear "Ursus americanus" = Ursus americanus⁵ Pallas 1780 black bear "Ursus americanus" = Ursus americanus¹ Pallas 1780 black bear "Euarctos vitabilis" = Ursus americanus⁷ Pallas 1780 black bear
Carnivora - Felidae	"Smilodon californicus" = Smilodon fatalis⁹, "Panthera augusta" = Panthera onca⁹, "Panthera atrox" = Panthera leo atrox⁹, "Felis aff. atrox" = Panthera leo atrox⁷, "Felis cf. inexpectata" = Miracinonyx inexpectatus⁷, "Miracinonyx inexpectatus" = Miracinonyx inexpectatus¹ "Smilodon californicus" = Smilodon fatalis⁹ Leidy 1868 saber-toothed cat "Panthera augusta" = Panthera onca⁹ Linnaeus 1758 jaguar "Panthera atrox" = Panthera leo atrox⁹ Leidy 1853 lion "Felis aff. atrox" = Panthera leo atrox⁷ Leidy 1853 lion "Felis cf. inexpectata" = Miracinonyx inexpectatus⁷ Cope 1895 American cheetah "Miracinonyx inexpectatus" = Miracinonyx inexpectatus¹ Cope 1895 American cheetah
Carnivora - Canidae	Canis sp., Canis armbrusteri n. sp.⁸, Canis armbrusteri n. sp., "Canis cf. priscolatrans" = Canis rufus⁷, Canis latrans¹⁸, Vulpes sp. Canis sp. Linnaeus 1758 canine Canis armbrusteri n. sp.⁸ Gidley 1913 canine Canis armbrusteri n. sp. Gidley 1913 canine "Canis cf. priscolatrans" = Canis rufus⁷ Audubon and Bachman 1851 red wolf Canis latrans¹⁸ Say 1823 coyote Vulpes sp. Frisch 1775 fox
Aves
Anseriformes - Anatidae	Anas crecca² Anas crecca² Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian teal
Strigiformes - Strigidae	Otus guildayi n. sp.² Otus guildayi n. sp.² Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984 scops owl
Columbiformes - Columbidae	Ectopistes migratorius² Ectopistes migratorius² Linnaeus 1758 passenger pigeon
Passeriformes - Corvidae	Perisoreus canadensis² Perisoreus canadensis² Linnaeus 1766 Canada jay
Accipitriformes - Accipitridae	Aquila chrysaetos² Aquila chrysaetos² Linnaeus 1758 golden eagle
Reptilia
Galliformes - Phasianidae	Meleagris gallopavo², Bonasa umbellus², Bonasa umbellus²⁰ Meleagris gallopavo² Linnaeus 1758 wild turkey Bonasa umbellus² Linnaeus 1766 ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus²⁰ Linnaeus 1766 ruffed grouse
Loricata -	Crocodylia indet.⁷ Crocodylia indet.⁷ crocodilian
Squamata - Iguanidae	Sceloporus cf. undulatus¹³ Sceloporus cf. undulatus¹³ Bosc 1802 eastern fence lizard
Squamata - Scincidae	Eumeces cf. fasciatus¹³ Eumeces cf. fasciatus¹³ Linnaeus 1758 five-lined skink
Squamata -	Serpentes indet.⁷ Serpentes indet.⁷ Linnaeus 1758 snake
Squamata - Crotalidae	Crotalus horridus¹³ Crotalus horridus¹³ Linnaeus 1758 timber rattlesnake
Squamata - Colubridae	Heterodon cf. platyrhinos¹³, Diadophis punctatus¹³, Carphophis amoenus¹³, "Natrix sipedon" = Nerodia sipedon¹³, Thamnophis sp.¹³, Coluber constrictor¹³, Opheodrys vernalis¹³, Lampropeltis triangulum¹³, Elaphe vulpina¹³ Heterodon cf. platyrhinos¹³ Latreille 1801 eastern hognosed snake Diadophis punctatus¹³ Linnaeus ringneck snake Carphophis amoenus¹³ Say worm snake "Natrix sipedon" = Nerodia sipedon¹³ Linnaeus 1758 northern water snake Thamnophis sp.¹³ Fitzinger 1843 garter snake Coluber constrictor¹³ Linnaeus 1758 black racer Opheodrys vernalis¹³ colubrid snake Lampropeltis triangulum¹³ Lacépède 1788 milk snake Elaphe vulpina¹³ Baird and Girard 1853 fox snake
Testudines - Emydidae	Chrysemys picta¹³, "Clemmys muhlenbergi" = Glyptemys muhlenbergii¹³, Terrapene carolina¹³ Chrysemys picta¹³ Schneider 1783 painted turtle "Clemmys muhlenbergi" = Glyptemys muhlenbergii¹³ Schoepff 1801 bog turtle Terrapene carolina¹³ Linnaeus 1758 common box turtle

¹Alroy 2002; ²Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984; ³Fejfar and Repenning 1998; ⁴Frazier 1981; ⁵Gidley 1920; ⁶Gidley 1920; ⁷Gidley and Gazin 1933; ⁸Gidley and Gazin 1938; ⁹Guilday 1971; ¹⁰Guilday 1979; ¹¹Guilday and Handley 1967; ¹²Handley 1956; ¹³Holman 1977; ¹⁴Jones et al. 1984; ¹⁵Korth 2002; ¹⁶Kurten and Anderson 1980; ¹⁷Nicholas 1953; ¹⁸Nowak 1979; ¹⁹Repenning 1992; ²⁰Wetmore 1927