PBDB Collection

Surai Khola (Miocene to of Nepal)

Also known as Mahendra Highway

Where: Nepal (27.8° N, 82.8° E: paleocoordinates 22.3° N, 82.9° E)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Siwalik Group, Miocene to Miocene (23.0 - 2.6 Ma)

• group-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: fluvial; lithology not reported

Size class: macrofossils

Preservation: mold/impression

Primary reference: M. Prasad. 2008. Angiospermous fossil leaves from the Siwalik foreland basins and their palaeoclimatic implications. The Palaeobotanist 57:177-215 [B. Allen/B. Allen]more details

Purpose of describing collection: biostratigraphic analysis

PaleoDB collection 222975: authorized by Bethany Allen, entered by Bethany Allen on 01.11.2021, edited by Grace Varnham and Philip Mannion

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names

Angiospermae
Laurales - Lauraceae	Machilus miocenica, Cinnamomum nepalensis, Actinodaphne palaeoangustifolia Machilus miocenica Prasad and Pandey 2008 laurel Cinnamomum nepalensis Prasad and Pandey 2008 cinnamon Actinodaphne palaeoangustifolia Antal and Awasthi 1993 laurel
Mesangiosperms - Arecaceae	Caryota siwalica Caryota siwalica Awasthi and Prasad 1990 fishtail palm
Poales - Poaceae	Bambusa siwalika Bambusa siwalika Awasthi and Prasad 1990 bamboo
Zingiberales - Marantaceae	"Clinogyne ovatus" = Donax ovatus "Clinogyne ovatus" = Donax ovatus Awasthi and Prasad 1990 arrowroot
Gentianales - Apocynaceae	Wrightia palaeotinctoria, Chonemorpha miocenica Wrightia palaeotinctoria Prasad and Awasthi 1996 dogbane Chonemorpha miocenica Prasad and Awasthi 1996 dogbane
Gentianales - Rubiaceae	Anthocephalus siwalica, Diplospora siwalica, Randia palaeofasciculata Anthocephalus siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996 coffee Diplospora siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996 coffee Randia palaeofasciculata Prasad and Awasthi 1996 indigoberry
Santalales - Olacaceae	Olax bankasii Olax bankasii Prasad and Pandey 2008
Caryophyllales - Ancistrocladaceae	Ancistrocladus suraikholaensis n. sp. Ancistrocladus suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Pandey 2008
Ranunculales - Menispermaceae	Cocculus miotrilobus Cocculus miotrilobus Prasad and Pandey 2008
Violales - Flacourtiaceae	Hydnocarpus siwalicus, Hydnocarpus chorkholaensis, Flacourtia nepalensis, Flacourtia tertiara, Xylosma nepalensis Hydnocarpus siwalicus Prasad and Awasthi 1996 Hydnocarpus chorkholaensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 Flacourtia nepalensis Awasthi and Prasad 1990 Flacourtia tertiara Prasad and Awasthi 1996 Xylosma nepalensis Prasad and Pandey 2008 brushholly
Dicotyledoneae
Ericales - Ebenaceae	Diospyros miokaki, Diospyros miocenicus Diospyros miokaki Awasthi and Prasad 1990 Diospyros miocenicus Prasad and Awasthi 1996
Primulales - Myrsinaceae	Myrsine precapitellata Myrsine precapitellata Prasad and Pandey 2008
Myrtales - Myrtaceae	Syzygium palaeocuminii Syzygium palaeocuminii Prasad and Awasthi 1996 bush cherry
Myrtales - Combretaceae	Terminalia palaeochebula, Terminalia panandhroensis Terminalia palaeochebula Awasthi and Prasad 1990 Terminalia panandhroensis Lahkanpal and Guleria 1978
Myrtales - Lythraceae	Duabanga siwalica Duabanga siwalica Prasad and Pandey 2008
Angiospermae
Magnoliales - Myristicaceae	Myristica palaeoglomerata Myristica palaeoglomerata Awasthi and Prasad 1990 magnoliids
Magnoliales - Annonaceae	Goniothalamus chorkholaensis, Polyalthia palaeosiamiarum, Mitrephora siwalika Goniothalamus chorkholaensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 custard apple Polyalthia palaeosiamiarum Awasthi and Prasad 1990 custard apple Mitrephora siwalika Antal and Awasthi 1993 custard apple
Rosids - Moraceae	Ficus raptiensis, Artocarpus nepalensis Ficus raptiensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 fig Artocarpus nepalensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 mulberry
Sapindales - Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum siwalicum, Murraya khariensis Zanthoxylum siwalicum Prasad and Awasthi 1996 prickly ash Murraya khariensis Lakhanpal and Guleria 1982 citrus
Sapindales - Anacardiaceae	Mangifera someshwarica, Mangifera suraikholaensis n. sp., Gluta siwalica, Swintonia palaeoschwenckii, Swintonia miocenica, Bouea koilabasensis Mangifera someshwarica Lakhanpal and Awasthi 1984 mango Mangifera suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Pandey 2008 mango Gluta siwalica Awasthi and Prasad 1990 cashew Swintonia palaeoschwenckii Prasad and Awasthi 1996 cashew Swintonia miocenica Awasthi and Prasad 1990 cashew Bouea koilabasensis Prasad 1994 cashew
Sapindales - Sapindaceae	Harpullia siwalica, Xerospermum mioglabratum, Euphorea siwalica Harpullia siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996 tulipwood Xerospermum mioglabratum Prasad and Pandey 2008 soapberry Euphorea siwalica Prasad 1994 soapberry
Sapindales - Meliaceae	Chukrasia miocenica, Dysoxylum raptiensis, Chisocheton suraikholaensis n. sp., Toona siwalica Chukrasia miocenica Prasad 1994 mahogany Dysoxylum raptiensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 mahogany Chisocheton suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Pandey 2008 mahogany Toona siwalica Awasthi and Lakhanpal 1990 mahogany
Malvales - Dipterocarpaceae	Vatica nepalensis, Shorea palaeostellata, Dipterocarpus suraikholaensis n. sp., Dipterocarpus siwalicus Vatica nepalensis Prasad and Pandey 2008 Shorea palaeostellata Prasad and Pandey 2008 Dipterocarpus suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Pandey 2008 Dipterocarpus siwalicus Lakhanpal and Guleria 1987
Malvales - Malvaceae	Sterculia mioensifolia, Sterculia premontana Sterculia mioensifolia Prasad and Pandey 2008 tropical chestnut Sterculia premontana Prasad and Pandey 2006 tropical chestnut
Cucurbitales - Anisophylleaceae	Anisophyllea siwalica Anisophyllea siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996
Oxalidales - Connaraceae	Rourea palaeorugosa Rourea palaeorugosa Prasad and Pandey 2008
Malpighiales - Ochnaceae	Ochna siwalika Ochna siwalika Prasad and Pandey 2008 bird's-eye bush
Malpighiales - Clusiaceae	Garcinia corvinusiana, Mesua tertiara, Calophyllum suraikholaensis n. sp. Garcinia corvinusiana Prasad and Pandey 2008 mangosteen Mesua tertiara Lakhanpal 1964 Calophyllum suraikholaensis n. sp. Awasthi and Prasad 1990
Malpighiales - Malpighiaceae	Stigmaphyllon chorkholaensis Stigmaphyllon chorkholaensis Prasad and Pandey 2008 amazonvine
Malpighiales - Ctenolophonaceae	Ctenolophon chorkholaensis Ctenolophon chorkholaensis Prasad and Pandey 2008
Malpighiales - Euphorbiaceae	Cleistanthus suraikholaensis n. sp., Bridelia siwalica, Bridelia mioretusa, Phyllanthus palaeoreticulatus, Mallotus venkatachalai, Mallotus kalimpongensis, Breynia prerhamnoides, Excoecaria palaeocrenulata Cleistanthus suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Awasthi 1996 spurge Bridelia siwalica Prasad and Pandey 2008 spurge Bridelia mioretusa Prasad and Pandey 2008 spurge Phyllanthus palaeoreticulatus Prasad and Awasthi 1996 spurge Mallotus venkatachalai Prasad 1994 spurge Mallotus kalimpongensis Antal and Awasthi 1993 spurge Breynia prerhamnoides Awasthi and Prasad 1990 spurge Excoecaria palaeocrenulata Awasthi and Prasad 1990 spurge
Fabales - Fabaceae	Albizia microfolia, Albizia siwalica, Mucuna miogigantea, Bauhinia nepalensis, Koompassia suraikholaensis n. sp., Pongamia kailakholaensis, Pterocarpus dalbergiocarpoides, Entada palaeoscandens, Cynometra palaeoiripa, Millettia palaeoracemosa, Millettia koilabasensis, Millettia palaeocubithii, Millettia churiensis Albizia microfolia Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Albizia siwalica Prasad 1994 legume Mucuna miogigantea Prasad and Pandey 2008 legume Bauhinia nepalensis Awasthi and Prasad 1990 legume Koompassia suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Pongamia kailakholaensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Pterocarpus dalbergiocarpoides Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Entada palaeoscandens Antal and Awasthi 1993 legume Cynometra palaeoiripa Prasad et al. 2004 legume Millettia palaeoracemosa Awasthi and Prasad 1990 legume Millettia koilabasensis Prasad 1990 legume Millettia palaeocubithii Awasthi and Prasad 1990 legume Millettia churiensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume
Reptilia
Testudines - Emydidae	"Bataguridae indet." = Batagurinae, Omegachelys sahnii "Bataguridae indet." = Batagurinae Gray 1870 turtle NHM/TU 1989/40 (pleural); NHM/TU 1989 (pleural); NHM/TU 1989/ (nuchal) Omegachelys sahnii Srivastava and Schleich 2018 turtle TU/NHM 1989/36 (partial carapace)
Testudines - Testudinidae	Testudinidae indet. Testudinidae indet. Batsch 1788 turtle NHM/TU 1989/C (peripheral fragment); NHM/TU 1989/D (distal part of first pleural)
Testudines - Trionychidae	Trionychidae indet., cf. Lissemys indet. Trionychidae indet. Gray 1825 softshell turtle NHM/TU 1989 (bone fragment) cf. Lissemys indet. Smith 1931 softshell turtle NHM/TU 1989/37 (left epiplastron)