PBDB Collection

Gram Formation (Miocene of Denmark)

Where: Denmark (55.3° N, 9.0° E: paleocoordinates 55.5° N, 8.0° E)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

• basin-level geographic resolution

When: Gram Formation, Tortonian (11.6 - 7.2 Ma)

• STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS: From the Gram Fm, which conformably overlies the Hodde Fm (Serravallian) and is unconformably overlain by Quaternary deposits. AGE: Tortonian. STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION: General list for formation.

• formation-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: marine; poorly lithified, micaceous, silty claystone

• SPECIFIC LITHOLOGY: Silty, dark, micaceous clay. LITHIFICATION: Poorly-lithified, on the basis of figured specimens.

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Collection methods: surface (in situ),

• COLLECTORS: Unknown. REPOSITORY: Unknown.

Primary reference: F. Roth and K. Hoedemakers. 2005. The Marine Gram Formation at Gram, Denmark: Late Miocene Geology and Palaeontology. Palaeontos 7:1-189 [A. Hendy/A. Hendy]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 98312: authorized by Austin Hendy, entered by Austin Hendy on 30.09.2010

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• COVERAGE: Exhaustive for molluscs. NOMENCLATURE: Modern nomenclature, with species-resolution identifications.

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Echinoidea
Spatangoida - Brissidae	Brissopsis lyrifera² Brissopsis lyrifera² heart urchin
Chondrichthyes
Hexanchiformes - Hexanchidae	Hexanchus primigenus¹ Hexanchus primigenus¹ sixgill shark
Rajiformes - Rajidae	Raja sp.¹ Raja sp.¹ Linnaeus 1758 skate
Squaliformes - Squalidae	Squalus cf. acanthias¹ Squalus cf. acanthias¹ Linnaeus 1758 spiny dogfish
Lamniformes - Lamnidae	"Isurus hastalis" = Carcharodon hastalis¹, Isurus sp.¹, Isurus escheri¹ "Isurus hastalis" = Carcharodon hastalis¹ Agassiz 1838 white shark Isurus sp.¹ Rafinesque 1810 mackerel shark Isurus escheri¹ Agassiz 1843 mackerel shark
Lamniformes - Odontaspididae	Odontaspis sp.¹ Odontaspis sp.¹ Agassiz 1838 sand tiger shark
Lamniformes - Cetorhinidae	Cetorhinus maximus¹ Cetorhinus maximus¹ Gunner 1765 basking shark
Lamniformes - Otodontidae	"Carcharodon megalodon" = Otodus megalodon¹ "Carcharodon megalodon" = Otodus megalodon¹ Agassiz 1835 megalodon
Carcharhiniformes - Galeocerdidae	Galeocerdo sp.¹ Galeocerdo sp.¹ Müller and Henle 1837 tiger shark
Carcharhiniformes - Scyliorhinidae	Scyliorhinus cf. coupatezi¹ Scyliorhinus cf. coupatezi¹ Herman 1974 cat shark
Malacostraca
Decapoda - Retroplumidae	Retropluma borealis Retropluma borealis Fraaije et al. 2005 crab
Decapoda - Geryonidae	Chaceon miocenicus Chaceon miocenicus Fraaije et al. 2005 crab
Decapoda - Cancridae	Tasadia carniolica Tasadia carniolica Bittner 1884 crab
Decapoda - Munididae	Munida sp. Munida sp. Leach 1820 decapod
Decapoda - Nephropidae	Homarus cf. gammarus, Nephrops kvistgaardae Homarus cf. gammarus Linnaeus 1758 clawed lobster Nephrops kvistgaardae Fraaije et al. 2005 clawed lobster
Scaphopoda
Gadilida - Gadilidae	Polyschides weinbrechti Polyschides weinbrechti tusk shell
Dentaliida - Dentaliidae	Dentalium cf. michelotti Dentalium cf. michelotti tusk shell
Gastropoda
Pseudomelanoidea - Pseudomelaniidae	Crassispira borealis Crassispira borealis snail
Vanikoroidea - Aclididae	Aclis minor Aclis minor aclis
Vanikoroidea - Eulimidae	Eulima (Eulima) glabra Eulima (Eulima) glabra snail
Sorbeoconcha - Cerithiopsidae	Krachia zelandica Krachia zelandica snail
Sorbeoconcha - Triphoridae	Norephora (Norephora) fritschi Norephora (Norephora) fritschi snail
Sorbeoconcha - Vitrinellidae	Circulus (Circulus) hennei Circulus (Circulus) hennei Glibert 1952 snail
Sorbeoconcha - Rissoidae	Obtusella gottscheana Obtusella gottscheana snail
Sorbeoconcha - Naticidae	Euspira helicina, Naticarius koeneni Euspira helicina Brocchi 1814 moon snail Naticarius koeneni moon snail
Sorbeoconcha - Cassidae	"Semicassis (Semicassis) miolaevigata" = Phalium (Semicassis) miolaevigata, Galeodea bicatenata "Semicassis (Semicassis) miolaevigata" = Phalium (Semicassis) miolaevigata Sacco 1890 snail Galeodea bicatenata Sowerby 1815 snail
Sorbeoconcha - Xenophoridae	Xenophora (Stellaria) testigera Xenophora (Stellaria) testigera Bronn 1831 carrier shell
Neogastropoda - Cancellariidae	Narona rothi, Narona calcarata, Babylonella fusiformis Narona rothi snail Narona calcarata snail Babylonella fusiformis snail
Neogastropoda - Muricidae	"Trophonopsis (Pagodula) semperi" = Pagodula, "Murex (Tubicauda) spinicosta" = Murex (Promurex) spinicosta, Spinucella reimersi, Lyrotyphis (Eotyphis) sejunctus "Trophonopsis (Pagodula) semperi" = Pagodula murex snail "Murex (Tubicauda) spinicosta" = Murex (Promurex) spinicosta Bronn 1831 murex snail Spinucella reimersi murex snail Lyrotyphis (Eotyphis) sejunctus murex snail
Neogastropoda - Volutidae	Scaphella bolli Scaphella bolli volute
Neogastropoda - Mitridae	"Mitra grateloupi" = Mitra (Tiara) grateloupi "Mitra grateloupi" = Mitra (Tiara) grateloupi d'Orbigny 1852 mitre shell
Neogastropoda - Fasciolariidae	"Streptolathyrus rothi" = Streptochetus (Streptolathyrus) "Streptolathyrus rothi" = Streptochetus (Streptolathyrus) snail
Neogastropoda - Buccinidae	Aquilofusus semiglaber, Aquilofusus klugorum, Aquilofusus cf. puggaardi, Colus distinctus, Liomesus ventrosus Aquilofusus semiglaber true whelk Aquilofusus klugorum true whelk Aquilofusus cf. puggaardi true whelk Colus distinctus true whelk Liomesus ventrosus true whelk
Neogastropoda - Nassariidae	Nassarius cf. wienrichi, Nassarius cf. holsaticus, Nassarius cf. syltensis, Nassarius (Tritonella) ronaldjansseni, Nassarius (Uzita) prysmaticus, Amyclina sp. Nassarius cf. wienrichi snail Nassarius cf. holsaticus snail Nassarius cf. syltensis snail Nassarius (Tritonella) ronaldjansseni snail Nassarius (Uzita) prysmaticus Brocchi 1814 snail Amyclina sp. Iredale 1918 snail
Neogastropoda - Conidae	"Conus (Conolithus) antediluvianus" = Conus (Conolithes), Oenopota kochi "Conus (Conolithus) antediluvianus" = Conus (Conolithes) cone shell Oenopota kochi cone shell
Neogastropoda - Raphitomidae	Daphnella abrahamssoni, Raphitoma spinosoreticulata, Raphitoma variccostata, Teretia guersi, Pleurotomella (Pleurotomella) mioweberi Daphnella abrahamssoni snail Raphitoma spinosoreticulata snail Raphitoma variccostata snail Teretia guersi snail Pleurotomella (Pleurotomella) mioweberi snail
Neogastropoda - Terebridae	Terebra forchhammeri Terebra forchhammeri auger snail
Neogastropoda - Clathurellidae	Pleurotomoides mariae Pleurotomoides mariae snail
Neogastropoda - Borsoniidae	Bathytoma (Bathytoma) cataphracta, Microdrillia serratula, Asthenotoma ornata Bathytoma (Bathytoma) cataphracta Brocchi 1814 snail Microdrillia serratula snail Asthenotoma ornata snail
Neogastropoda - Mangeliidae	Benthomangelia obtusangula Benthomangelia obtusangula snail
Neogastropoda - Drilliidae	Spirotropis gramensis Spirotropis gramensis Janssen 1993 snail
Neogastropoda - Turridae	Unedogemmula annae, Gemmula (Gemmula) badensis, Acamptogenotia intorta, Fusiturris (Fusiturris) helena Unedogemmula annae turrid Gemmula (Gemmula) badensis turrid Acamptogenotia intorta turrid Fusiturris (Fusiturris) helena turrid
Neogastropoda - Horaiclavidae	Haedropleura maitreja Haedropleura maitreja snail
Neogastropoda - Costellariidae	"Vexillum (Uromitra) cimbrica" = Uromitra "Vexillum (Uromitra) cimbrica" = Uromitra ribbed mitre
Sorbeoconcha - Aporrhaidae	Aporrhais dingdenensis Aporrhais dingdenensis Marquet et al. 2002 snail
Sorbeoconcha - Ficidae	Ficus (Ficus) conditus Ficus (Ficus) conditus Brongniart 1823 fig shell
Cerithioidea - Turritellidae	"Turritella (Archimediella) cochlias" = Archimediella, Turritella (Turritella) tricarinata "Turritella (Archimediella) cochlias" = Archimediella turret shell Turritella (Turritella) tricarinata Brocchi 1814 turret shell
Epitonioidea - Epitoniidae	Acirsa (Hemiacirsa) aff. duvergieri, Cirsotrema sp. Acirsa (Hemiacirsa) aff. duvergieri wentletrap Cirsotrema sp. Mörch 1852 wentletrap
Heterobranchia - Diaphanidae	Toledonia flensburgensis, Diaphana moerchi Toledonia flensburgensis snail Diaphana moerchi snail
Trochoidea - Skeneidae	Skenea ariejansseni Skenea ariejansseni snail
Trochoidea - Solariellidae	Solariella (Solariella) jutensis Solariella (Solariella) jutensis snail
Lepetellida - Pseudococculinidae	Pseudococculina dittmeri, Mesopelex anderseni Pseudococculina dittmeri snail Mesopelex anderseni snail
Opisthobranchia -	Roxania (Roxania) utriculus Roxania (Roxania) utriculus snail
Opisthobranchia - Retusidae	Retusa (Cylichnina) elongata Retusa (Cylichnina) elongata snail
Opisthobranchia - Cylichnidae	Cylichna (Cylichna) pseudoconvoluta Cylichna (Cylichna) pseudoconvoluta snail
Thecosomata - Limacinidae	Limacina atlanta, Limacina wilhelminae Limacina atlanta snail Limacina wilhelminae snail
Heterostropha - Cimidae	Actaeopyramis elatus Actaeopyramis elatus snail
Heterostropha - Tjaernoiidae	Tjaernoeia punctata Tjaernoeia punctata snail
Heterostropha - Pyramidellidae	Eulimella (Eulimella) scillae, Eulimella (Eulimella) acicula, Chrysallida (Pyrgulina) interita, Chrysallida (Parthenina) semireticulata, Chrysallida (Parthenina) modesta, "Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) rothi" = Strioturbonilla, "Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) sp." = Strioturbonilla, Kleinella (Kleinella) nordmanni, Odostomia (Megastomia) tuexeni, Odostomia (Megastomia) conoidea, Syrnola (Syrnola) neumayri, Brachystomia sp., Pyramidella (Voluspa) plicosa, Turbonilla (Turbonilla) costellata, Turbonilla (Turbonilla) facki Eulimella (Eulimella) scillae snail Eulimella (Eulimella) acicula snail Chrysallida (Pyrgulina) interita snail Chrysallida (Parthenina) semireticulata Sorgenfrei 1958 snail Chrysallida (Parthenina) modesta snail "Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) rothi" = Strioturbonilla snail "Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) sp." = Strioturbonilla Sacco 1892 snail Kleinella (Kleinella) nordmanni snail Odostomia (Megastomia) tuexeni snail Odostomia (Megastomia) conoidea Brocchi 1814 snail Syrnola (Syrnola) neumayri snail Brachystomia sp. Monterosato 1884 snail Pyramidella (Voluspa) plicosa snail Turbonilla (Turbonilla) costellata snail Turbonilla (Turbonilla) facki snail
Heterostropha - Acteonidae	Acteon (Acteon) semistriatus Acteon (Acteon) semistriatus snail
Heterostropha - Ringiculidae	Ringicula (Ringiculina) buccinea Ringicula (Ringiculina) buccinea Sowerby 1823 snail
Bivalvia
Nuculanida - Yoldiidae	Yoldia (Yoldia) glaberrima, Yoldiella pygmaea, Yoldiella spiegleri Yoldia (Yoldia) glaberrima von Münster 1837 clam Yoldiella pygmaea clam Yoldiella spiegleri clam
Nuculida - Nuculidae	Nucula (Lamellinucula) georgiana, Leionucula cf. laevigata Nucula (Lamellinucula) georgiana nut clam Leionucula cf. laevigata Sowerby 1818 nut clam
Carditida - Carditidae	Pteromeris corbis, Venericardia ampla, Venericardia ronchetti, Venericardia squamulosa, Cyclocardia (Cyclocardia) orbicularis Pteromeris corbis clam Venericardia ampla clam Venericardia ronchetti clam Venericardia squamulosa clam Cyclocardia (Cyclocardia) orbicularis clam
Carditida - Astartidae	"Carinastarte vetula" = Astarte (Carinastarte), Goodallia (Goodallia) esbjergensis "Carinastarte vetula" = Astarte (Carinastarte) clam Goodallia (Goodallia) esbjergensis clam
Lucinida - Lucinidae	Lucinidae indet. Lucinidae indet. Fleming 1828 clam
Lucinida - Thyasiridae	Thyasira (Thyasira) flexuosa Thyasira (Thyasira) flexuosa Montagu 1803 clam
Hiatellida - Hiatellidae	"Hiatella (Hiatella) arctica" = Hiatella arctica "Hiatella (Hiatella) arctica" = Hiatella arctica Linnaeus 1767 clam
Thraciida - Thraciidae	Thracia (Thracia) inflata Thracia (Thracia) inflata clam
Thraciida - Periplomatidae	Periploma ariei Periploma ariei Gürs 1996 clam
Poromyida - Cuspidariidae	Cardiomya (Cardiomya) costellata, Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) cf. cuspidata Cardiomya (Cardiomya) costellata Deshayes 1833 clam Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) cf. cuspidata clam
Cardiida - Lasaeidae	"Lepton transversarium" = Lepton (Lepton) transversarium "Lepton transversarium" = Lepton (Lepton) transversarium Cossmann 1896 kelly clam
Cardiida - Montacutidae	Mioerycina coarctata Mioerycina coarctata Wood 1840 clam
Cardiida - Glossidae	Glossus (Glossus) olearii Glossus (Glossus) olearii clam
Cardiida - Kelliellidae	Spaniodontella nitida Spaniodontella nitida clam
Cardiida - Mactridae	Spisula aff. subtruncata Spisula aff. subtruncata da Costa 1778 clam
Cardiida - Cardiidae	Parvicardium straeleni Parvicardium straeleni cockle
Cardiida - Semelidae	Abra (Abra) cf. prismatica Abra (Abra) cf. prismatica Montagu 1808 abra
Pholadida - Corbulidae	Corbula (Varicorbula) gibba Corbula (Varicorbula) gibba Oliva 1792 clam
Pholadida - Teredinidae	Teredinidae indet. Teredinidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 clam
Pholadida - Xylophagaidae	Xylophaga sp. Xylophaga sp. Turton 1822 clam
Arcida - Glycymerididae	"Glycymeris (Chevronia) obovata" = Glycymeris (Glycymeris) obovata "Glycymeris (Chevronia) obovata" = Glycymeris (Glycymeris) obovata Lamarck 1819 clam
Arcida - Limopsidae	Limopsis (Limopsis) aurita, "Limopsis (Pectunculina) cf. anomala" = Limopsis Limopsis (Limopsis) aurita Brocchi 1814 clam "Limopsis (Pectunculina) cf. anomala" = Limopsis clam
Ostreida - Pinnidae	Atrina sp. Atrina sp. Gray 1842 oyster
Pectinida - Pectinoidae	Korobkovia woodi, Aequipecten seniensis, Pseudamussium cf. lilli, Pseudamussium clavatum Korobkovia woodi scallop Aequipecten seniensis scallop Pseudamussium cf. lilli Pusch 1837 scallop Pseudamussium clavatum Poli 1795 scallop
Pectinida - Anomiidae	"Pododesmus (Heteranomia) squamula" = Heteranomia squamula "Pododesmus (Heteranomia) squamula" = Heteranomia squamula Linnaeus 1758 scallop
Mytilida - Mytilidae	Mytilus sp. Mytilus sp. Linnaeus 1758 mussel

¹Bendix-Almgreen 1983; ²Hansen and Hansen 2005