Kanapoi Nzube's Mandible Site (Pliocene of Kenya)

Also known as Australopithecus anamensis type site

Where: Turkana District, Kenya (2.4° N, 36.1° E: paleocoordinates 2.2° N, 35.7° E)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

When: Kanapoi Formation, Early/Lower Pliocene (5.3 - 3.6 Ma)

• in horizon located below the Upper Pumiceous Tuff, age estimated as >4.147 and <4.195 Ma

Environment/lithology: terrestrial; lithology not reported

• may represent predator assemblages or passive fluvial deposition

Size class: mesofossils

Primary reference: G. F. Gunnell and F. K. Manthi. 2018. Pliocene bats (Chiroptera) from Kanapoi, Turkana Basin, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 1-10 [P. Holroyd/P. Holroyd/P. Holroyd]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 198275: authorized by Patricia Holroyd, entered by Patricia Holroyd on 13.12.2018, edited by Grace Varnham

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names
unclassified
  -
Micropteropus cf. pusillus, Hemisus cf. marmoratus1
Hemisus cf. marmoratus1
Scapula/pectoral girdle: KNM-KP 68624: 1; KNM-KP 68626: 5; KNM-KP 68627: 7; KNM-KP 68640: 1; KNM-KP 68670: 1; KNM-KP 68680: 4; KNM-KP 68682: 5; KNM-KP 68705: 1; KNM- KP 68706: 11. Humerus: KNM-KP 68623: 1; KNM-KP 68636: 51; KNM-KP 68699: 3; KNM-KP 68708: 1; KNM-KP 68709: 1; KNM-KP 68712: 30. Radioulna: KNM-KP 68634: 22; KNM-KP 68698: 2; KNM-KP 68707: 1; KNM-KP 68710: 11. Ilium: KNM-KP 68648: 3; KNM-KP 68660: 1; KNM-KP 68695: 1. Pelvic girdle: KNM-KP 68628: 1; KNM-KP 68629: 7; KNM-KP 68669: 3; KNM-KP 68679: 2; KNM-KP 68692: 1; KNM-KP 68700: 1; KNM-KP 68701: 1; KNM- KP 68704: 4. Femur: KNM-KP 68625: 1; KNM-KP 68630: 12; KNM- KP 68631: 25; KNM-KP 68668: 2; KNM-KP 68702: 10; KNM-KP 68717: 26; KNM-KP 68718: 2. Tibiofibula: KNM-KP 68632: 75; KNM-KP 68659: 2; KNM-KP 68703: 13; KNM-KP 68716: 2. Sacral vertebra: KNM-KP 68671: 1; KNM-KP 68672: 4. Urostyle: KNM-KP 68641: 1; KNM-KP 68681: 1; KNM-KP 68693: 5
Amphibia
 Salientia -
Anura indet.1
Anura indet.1 frog
KNM-KP 68656: 4. Mandible: KNM-KP 68687: 1. Coracoid: KNM-KP 68652: 1; KNM-KP 68674: 1, KNM-KP 68686: 1; KNM-KP 68689: 1. Humerus: KNM-KP 68637: 4; KNM-KP 68655: 1; KNM-KP 68662: 2; KNM-KP 68688: 2; KNM-KP 68697: 1; KNM- KP 68713: 1; KNM-KP 68714: 1. Radioulna: KNM-KP 68635: 55; KNM-KP 68643: 1; KNM-KP 68654: 2; KNM-KP 68663: 2; KNM-KP 68677: 2; KNM-KP 68696: 3; KNM-KP 68711: 15. Carpal element: KNM-KP 68646: 1. Ilium: KNM-KP 68651: 2; KNM-KP 68657: 1; KNM-KP 68661: 3; KNM-KP 68673: 3; KNM-KP 68683: 1; KNM-KP 68684: 1; KNM-KP 68694: 8. Tibiofibula: KNM-KP 68633: 7; KNM- KP 68639: 2; KNM-KP 68642: 1; KNM-KP 68647: 2; KNM-KP 68653: 5; KNM-KP 68664: 6; KNM-KP 68676: 5; KNM-KP 68691: 20; KNM-KP 68715: 4. Calcaneum-astragalus: KNM-KP 68667: 3. Atlas: KNM-KP 68678:1. Trunk vertebra: KNM-KP 68638: 2; KNM- KP 68644: 1; KNM-KP 68645: 1; KNM-KP 68649: 1; KNM-KP 68650: 6; KNM-KP 68658: 1; KNM-KP 68665: 1; KNM-KP 68675: 10; KNM-KP 68685: 3. Indeterminate fragment: KNM-KP 68666: 5; KNM-KP 68690: 5
Reptilia
 Squamata - Atractaspididae
cf. Atractaspididae indet.3
cf. Atractaspididae indet.3 Günther 1858 snake
KNM-KP 59749, precloacal vertebra, “KNM# 21-22”, precloacal vertebra
 Squamata - Colubridae
Colubrinae "indet. A"3, Colubrinae "indet. B"3, Colubrinae "indet. C"3, Colubrinae indet.3
Colubrinae "indet. A"3 Oppel 1811 colubrid snake
KNM-KP 59730, incomplete precloacal vertebrae
Colubrinae "indet. B"3 Oppel 1811 colubrid snake
KNM-KP 59752, incomplete precloacal vertebrae
Colubrinae "indet. C"3 Oppel 1811 colubrid snake
KNM-KP 59743, incomplete precloacal vertebrae
Colubrinae indet.3 Oppel 1811 colubrid snake
KNM # 4-15, six partial precloacal verte- brae, three posterior precloacal vertebrae, three partial caudal vertebrae; KNM #16, posteriormost precloacal vertebra; KNM- KP 30641, caudal vertebra
 Squamata - Viperidae
Viperidae indet.3
Viperidae indet.3 Oppel 1811 viper
KNM-KP unnumbered, precloacal vertebra
 Squamata -
Macrostomata indet.3
Macrostomata indet.3 snake
KNM-KP 32810, partial right dentary
 Squamata - Boidae
Python sp.3
Python sp.3 Daudin 1803 boa
KNM-KP59684, precloacal vertebra; KNM- KP 59703, two articulated precloacal vertebrae; KNM-KP 58578, 10+ associated precloacal vertebrae; KNM-KP 30455, 15+ asso- ciated precloacal vertebrae; KNM-KP 30479, partial precloacal vertebra; KNM-KP 31740, two articulated precloacal vertebrae; KNM-KP 32566, juvenile anterior precloacal vertebra
 Squamata - Scincidae
cf. Lygosominae indet.3
cf. Lygosominae indet.3 Mittleman 1952 skink
KNM-KP 59752 [collection 2003, “mandible site“, field no. 24], incomplete dentary and splenial; KNM-KP 59753 [collection 2003, “mandible site“, field no. 24], incomplete dentary and splenial
 Squamata - Varanidae
Varanidae indet.3, Varanus sp.3, Varanus "V. niloticus + V. exanthematicus"3
Varanidae indet.3 Hardwicke and Gray 1824 monitor lizard
KNM-KP 59697, partial left maxilla
Varanus sp.3 Merrem 1820 monitor lizard
KNM-KP 32533, partial right dentary
Varanus "V. niloticus + V. exanthematicus"3 Merrem 1820 monitor lizard
KNM-KP53103 [collection 2012], caudal vertebra; KNM-KP53127 [collection 2012], two trunk vertebrae; KNM-KP 50816, caudal vertebra; KNM-KP 30602, juvenile trunk vertebra; KNM-KP 59698, four articulated trunk vertebrae; KNM-KP 56946, trunk vertebra; KNM-KP 30219, trunk vertebra
Mammalia
 Chiroptera - Pteropodidae
Turkanycteris harrisi n. gen. n. sp.
Turkanycteris harrisi n. gen. n. sp. Gunnell and Manthi 2018 fruit bat
 Chiroptera - Molossidae
Mops kerio
Mops kerio Gunnell and Manthi 2018 greater mastiff bat
 Chiroptera - Nycteridae
Nycteris sp.
Nycteris sp. Geoffroy 1803 slit-faced bat
 Chiroptera - Emballonuridae
Saccolaimus kenyensis n. sp.
Saccolaimus kenyensis n. sp. Gunnell and Manthi 2018 sac-winged bat
 Primates - Cercopithecidae
Nanopithecus browni n. gen. n. sp.4, Theropithecus sp.2, Parapapio cf. ado2, Colobinae indet.2, cf. Kuseracolobus sp.2
Nanopithecus browni n. gen. n. sp.4 Plavcan et al. 2019 monkey
KNM-KP 53150 A and B, associated right M3 and M2
Theropithecus sp.2 Geoffroy 1843 gelada
KNM-KP 29308 L. male corpus with erupting P3, roots C, P4-M1; KNM-KP 32879 rightM1 or 2, probably M2; KNM-KP 58577 male mandibular corpus with complete dentition; KNM-KP 59888 right maxillary molar, probably M3; KNM-KP 59892 right P4; KNM-KP 59897 right M3
Parapapio cf. ado2 Hopwood 1936 monkey
list of specimens in table 1
Colobinae indet.2 Jerdon 1867 monkey
KNM-KP29307 right mandibular corpus with dp3 and I1eP4 in crypts; KNM-KP 30408 left mandib- ular corpus with M1, P3-4 erupting; KNM-KP 32803 right M1 or M2, probably M2; KNM-KP 32821 left M2; KNM-KP 36830 left M1 or M 2; KNM-KP 37382 right I2; KNM-KP 53081 left di2; KNM-KP 53100 left M1 or M 2, probably M2; KNM-KP 53145 left M1 or 2; KNM-KP 56982 male mandibular symphysis with right I1 and roots of left I1eP3, right I2; KNM-KP 59884 left mandibular corpus with P4-M1; KNM-KP 59901 left M1 or 2, probably M2
cf. Kuseracolobus sp.2 Frost 2001 monkey
KNM-KP 29255 mandibular corpus of a female with right P3-M3 and left P3-M1; KNM-KP 31741 right Mx; KNM-KP 32870 left P4; KNM-KP36967 left M3; KNM-KP 43120 right P3 talonid; KNM-KP 58701 fragment of a left maxilla with a molar, likely M3, and a small molar fragment mesial to it; KNM-KP 58702 right P3; KNM-KP 59885 left I1; KNM-KP 58823 edentulous mandibular symphysis fragment of a female
1Delfino 2020; 2Frost et al. 2020; 3Head and Müller 2020; 4Plavcan et al. 2019