PBDB Collection

Indian Stronghold (Protoceras Channel): Whitneyan, South Dakota

List of taxa

Where & when

Geology

Taphonomy & methods

Metadata & references

Taxonomic list

Reptilia - Gruiformes - Bathornithidae

	Paracrax wetmorei n. sp. Cracraft 1968	Cracraft 1968
	"from one of the lowest Protoceras channels, about 100 feet above the base of the Poleslide member... northeast of Indian Stronghold on the divide between west Big Corral Draw and Cottonwood Creek... collected in1938 by M. F. Skinner, R. L. Mefferd, and associates"

	Paracrax gigantea Cracraft 1968	Cracraft 1968
	"from middle Protoceras channels, about 175 feet above the base of the Poleslide member... between West Fork of Big Corral Draw and Cottonwood Creek... collected in 1940 by M. F. Skinner, R. L. Mefferd, and associates"
Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae

	"Mesocyon" temnodon (Wortman and Matthew 1899)	Wang 1994
	NE of Indian Stronghold, Protoceras channel

	Hesperocyon gregarius (Cope 1873)	Wang 1994
	NE of Indian Stronghold in Protoceras channel
Mammalia - Carnivora - Nimravidae

	Pogonodon sp. Cope 1880
	= Nimravidae indet. Cope 1880	Alroy 2002
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae

	Miohippus crassicuspis n. sp. Osborn 1904
	synonym of Miohippus annectens
	"Protoceras Beds" specimen number places this with 1892 collection

	Miohippus gidleyi n. sp. (Osborn 1904)	Osborn 1904
	(1 measurement)

	Mesohippus grallipes n. sp. Sinclair 1925	Sinclair 1925
	synonym of Miohippus gidleyi
	"Protoceras beds... drainage basin of Cottonwood Creek": collected by J. B. Hatcher and J. A. Murray in 1893 (7 measurements)

	Mesohippus validus n. sp. Osborn 1904	Osborn 1904
	synonym of Miohippus gidleyi
	AMNH type and PU referred specimen from "Protoceras beds... drainage basin of Cottonwood Creek"; specimen number of "M. validus" type shows that it belongs to 1892 collection (8 measurements)

	Mesohippus intermedius n. sp. Osborn and Wortman 1895
	recombined as Miohippus intermedius
	from "Protoceras layer of White River" referred specimens from "both the White and Cheyenne River localities"; referred specimen of Osborn 1904 is just two numbers before an AMNH Protoceras specimen listed by Patton and Taylor 1973 (7 measurements)
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae

	Aceratherium tridactylum n. sp. Osborn 1893
	recombined as Diceratherium tridactylum
	described by Osborn 1893; includes "Diceratherium proavitum"

	Aceratherium platycephalum n. sp. Osborn and Wortman 1894
	recombined as Amphicaenopus platycephalus
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Hyracodontidae

	Hyracodon leidyanus Troxell 1921	Sinclair 1922
	Princeton specimens, including his type of "H. apertus"; all from "Brown nodule layer above Protoceras sandstones, Corral Draw"

	Hyracodon nebrascensis (Leidy 1850)
	recombined as Hyracodon nebraskensis
	from the "Brown nodule layer" above the Protoceras sandstones, Corral Draw; presumably "H. sp." of Osborn and Wortman 1894
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Tapiridae

	Protapirus obliquidens n. sp. Wortman and Earle 1893	Wortman and Earle 1893
Mammalia - Anthracotheriidae

	Anthracotherium karense n. sp. Osborn and Wortman 1894
	synonym of Heptacodon curtus

	Hyopotamus brachyrhynchus n. sp. Osborn and Wortman 1894
	synonym of Elomeryx armatus
Mammalia - Entelodontidae

	Entelodontidae indet. Lydekker 1883	Sinclair 1922
	small; "Protoceras beds on Cottonwood Creek in what is now Washington County"

	Scaptohyus altidens n. sp. Sinclair 1922
	from "Protoceras beds in Corral Draw"; collected in 1893; presumably includes "Elotherium imperator"
Mammalia - Tayassuidae

	Thinohyus sp. Marsh 1875
	= Tayassuidae indet. Palmer 1897	Alroy 2002
Mammalia - Protoceratidae

	Protoceras celer Marsh 1891
	see Patton and Taylor 1973: type, including types of "P. comptus"; "P. nasutus"; "Calops consors"; and "C. cristatus"; all from head of Big Corral Draw, NE of Indian Stronghold on the NE side of Cuny Table, Shannon Co.
Mammalia - Agriochoeridae

	Agriochoerus gaudryi n. sp. (Osborn and Wortman 1893)
	described as "Artionyx" gaudryi by Osborn and Wortman 1893; definitely from main Protoceras locality
Mammalia - Hypertragulidae

	Hypertragulus dakotensis n. sp. Frick 1937	Frick 1937
	"From Protoceras Beds, Big Badlands, South Dakota, 1892"
see common names

Geography

Country:	United States	State/province:	South Dakota	County:	Shannon
Coordinates:	43.3° North, 102.5° West (view map)
Paleocoordinates:	44.3° North, 95.0° West
Basis of coordinate:	based on political unit

Time

Period:	Paleogene	Epoch:	Oligocene
Stage:	Rupelian	10 m.y. bin:	Cenozoic 4
*Period:	Tertiary
Key time interval:	Whitneyan
Age range of interval:	31.80000 - 29.50000 m.y. ago
* legacy (obsolete) database fields

Stratigraphy

Formation:	Brule	Member:	Poleslide
Local section:	BgBad	Local bed:	8
Local order:	bottom to top

Lithology and environment

Primary lithology:	coarse poorly lithified sandstone
Lithology description: "coarse stream-transported" sandstone that is collected in "blocks" (Sinclair 1925)
Environment:	fluvial indet.

Taphonomy

Modes of preservation:	body
Size of fossils:	macrofossils

Collection methods and comments

Reason for describing collection:	general faunal/floral analysis
Museum repositories:	AMNH
Collection method comments: AMNH and Princeton University collections
Taxonomic list comments:because Big Corral Draw "is the primary set of outcrops worked by the early collectors" of Protoceras beds material (Patton and Taylor 1973), AMNH Protoceras Beds collection of 1892 is included here; this is referred to as "the Cheyenne River locality" in early publications "Mesohippus bairdi" no specimens described, omitted by Osborn and Wortman 1895 "Mesohippus copei" Osborn and Wortman 1895: type, "Protoceras layer of the Cheyenne River locality"; apparently a nomen dubium based on discussion of Osborn 1904

Metadata

Database number:	17344
Authorizer:	J. Alroy, J. Marcot	Enterer:	J. Alroy, J. Marcot
Modifier:	J. Alroy	Research group:	vertebrate
Created:	1995-10-18 00:00:00	Last modified:	2011-05-13 23:26:05
Access level:	the public	Released:	1995-10-18 00:00:00
Creative Commons license:	CC BY

Reference information

Primary reference:

2711.

H. F. Osborn and J. L. Wortman. 1894. Fossil mammals of the Lower Miocene White River beds. Collection of 1892. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 6(7):199-228 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Carrano]

Secondary references:

6294		J. Alroy. 2002. Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals. [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Kouvari]
28306		J. Cracraft. 1968. A review of the Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae. American Museum Novitates 2326:1-46 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
6222		C. Frick. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 69:1-669 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]
2699		H. F. Osborn. 1904. New Oligocene horses. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 20(13):167-179 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/T. Liebrecht]
2712		H. F. Osborn and J. L. Wortman. 1895. Perissodactyls of the Lower Miocene White River beds. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 7(12):343-375 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Marcot]
3167		W. J. Sinclair. 1922. Entelodonts from the Big Badlands of South Dakota in the geological museum of Princeton University. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 60:467-495 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
3169		W. J. Sinclair. 1922. Hyracodons from the Big Badlands of South Dakota. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 61:65-79 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
3171		W. J. Sinclair. 1925. The mounted skeleton of a new Mesohippus from the Protoceras Beds. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 64(1):55-63 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
6226		X. Wang. 1994. Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 221:1-207 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
3772		J. L. Wortman and C. Earle. 1893. Ancestors of the tapir from the lower Miocene of Dakota. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5(11):159-180 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Carrano]